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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="Hells_Angels_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Hells Angels (disambiguation)">Hells Angels (disambiguation)</a>.</div>

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</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Hells Angels MC</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image logo"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Abbreviation</th><td class="infobox-data nickname"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">

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</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li>HA</li><li>81<sup id="cite_ref-Famous_Hells_Angel_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Famous_Hells_Angel-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li><li>HAMC</li><li>Big Red Machine<sup id="cite_ref-Hells_merchandise_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hells_merchandise-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Founded</th><td class="infobox-data note">March 17, 1948<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1948-03-17</span>)</span><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-independent.co.uk_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-independent.co.uk-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Founder</th><td class="infobox-data">Otto Friedli<sup id="cite_ref-independent.co._uk_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-independent.co._uk-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Founded at</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Fontana%2C_California" title="Fontana, California">Fontana, California</a>, U.S.<sup id="cite_ref-Drewery2003_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Drewery2003-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Outlaw_motorcycle_club" title="Outlaw motorcycle club">Outlaw motorcycle club</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Headquarters</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Oakland%2C_California" title="Oakland, California">Oakland, California</a>, U.S.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Region </div></th><td class="infobox-data">Worldwide (592 charters in 66 countries)<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Membership</th><td class="infobox-data">6,000<sup id="cite_ref-Angels_organizing_on_P.E.I._9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Angels_organizing_on_P.E.I.-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Clubhouses_seized_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clubhouses_seized-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Key people</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Sonny_Barger" title="Sonny Barger">Sonny Barger</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="official-website"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hells-angels.com/">Official website</a></span></span> </td></tr></tbody></table>

<p>The <b>Hells Angels Motorcycle Club</b> (<b>HAMC</b>) is an international <a href="Outlaw_motorcycle_club" title="Outlaw motorcycle club">outlaw motorcycle club</a> founded in California whose members typically ride <a href="Harley-Davidson" title="Harley-Davidson">Harley-Davidson</a> motorcycles. In the United States and Canada, the Hells Angels are <a href="Incorporation_(business)#Association" title="Incorporation (business)">incorporated</a> as the <b>Hells Angels Motorcycle Corporation</b>. Common nicknames for the club are the "H.A.", "Red & White", and "81".<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With a membership of over 6,000, and 592 charters in 66 countries, the HAMC is the largest outlaw biker club in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-Angels_organizing_on_P.E.I._9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Angels_organizing_on_P.E.I.-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Clubhouses_seized_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clubhouses_seized-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-How_the_Bandidos_became_one_of_the_world’s_most_feared_biker_gangs_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-How_the_Bandidos_became_one_of_the_world’s_most_feared_biker_gangs-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The Hells Angels <a href="Hells_Angels_MC_criminal_allegations_and_incidents" title="Hells Angels MC criminal allegations and incidents">have a history of involvement in organized crime</a>, such as drug trafficking, and engaging in violent conflict with other outlaw motorcycle clubs. Involvement in organized crime and violence has historically extended to the organization's most senior leadership. Many police and international intelligence agencies, including the <a href="United_States_Department_of_Justice" title="United States Department of Justice">United States Department of Justice</a>, the <a href="Criminal_Intelligence_Service_Canada" title="Criminal Intelligence Service Canada">Criminal Intelligence Service Canada</a>, the <a href="Australian_Federal_Police" title="Australian Federal Police">Australian Federal Police</a>, and <a href="Europol" title="Europol">Europol</a>, consider the club an organized crime syndicate.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div>

<p>The Hells Angels originated on March 17, 1948, in <a href="Fontana%2C_California" title="Fontana, California">Fontana, California</a>, when several small motorcycle clubs agreed to merge.<sup id="cite_ref-Langton_2018_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Langton_2018-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Otto Friedli, a <a href="World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> veteran, is credited with starting the club after breaking from the <a href="Pissed_Off_Bastards_of_Bloomington" title="Pissed Off Bastards of Bloomington">Pissed Off Bastards</a> motorcycle club over a feud with a rival gang.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to an alternative theory, the Hells Angels were founded on November 15, 1951, in <a href="San_Bernardino%2C_California" title="San Bernardino, California">San Bernardino</a>, by Dick White, a member of the <a href="Redlands%2C_California" title="Redlands, California">Redlands</a> Road Runners.<sup id="cite_ref-Betty_Supernaw_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Betty_Supernaw-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Contemporary_Outlaws_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Contemporary_Outlaws-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>According to its website, the club's name was suggested by Arvid Olsen, an associate of the founders who had served in the "Hell's Angels" squadron of the <a href="Flying_Tigers" title="Flying Tigers">Flying Tigers</a> in China during World War II.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a letter written to <i><a href="The_Guinness_Book_of_World_Records" class="mw-redirect" title="The Guinness Book of World Records">The Guinness Book of World Records</a></i> by a member on the Hells Angels' behalf, it is instead stated that the club's name was taken from the "Hell's Angels" squadron of the <a href="303rd_Bombardment_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="303rd Bombardment Group">303rd Bombardment Group</a>, which was active in the <a href="European_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="European theatre of World War II">European theater</a> of World War II.<sup id="cite_ref-Angels_Do_Not_Forget_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Angels_Do_Not_Forget-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is at least clear that the name was inspired by the tradition from World Wars I and II whereby the Americans gave their squadrons fierce, death-defying titles; an example of this lies in one of the three <a href="Curtiss_P-40_Warhawk" title="Curtiss P-40 Warhawk">P-40</a> squadrons of Flying Tigers fielded in Burma and China, which was dubbed "Hell's Angels".<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1930, the <a href="Howard_Hughes" title="Howard Hughes">Howard Hughes</a> film <i><a href="Hell's_Angels_(film)" title="Hell's Angels (film)">Hell's Angels</a></i> showcased extraordinary and dangerous feats of aviation, and it is believed that World War II groups that used that name based it on the film.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the Hells Angels' website, they are aware that there is an apostrophe missing in "Hells", but "... it is you who miss it. We don't".<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<p>Some of the HAMC's early history is not clear, and accounts differ. The club's first official charter was reportedly drawn up in Fontana in 1950.<sup id="cite_ref-Angels_Do_Not_Forget_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Angels_Do_Not_Forget-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Various autonomous Hells Angels charters were formed throughout California in the decade following the club's foundation, by nomadic members who moved from one city to another.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarker200734_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarker200734-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The San Francisco ("Frisco") charter was reportedly founded by former members of the <a href="Market_Street_Commandos" title="Market Street Commandos">Market Street Commandos</a> in 1954. A <a href="North_Sacramento%2C_Sacramento%2C_California" title="North Sacramento, Sacramento, California">North Sacramento</a> charter was established in 1956, followed by another charter in <a href="Sacramento%2C_California" title="Sacramento, California">Sacramento</a> the following year, which was formed by two brothers, James "Mother" Miles and Pat Miles, who were former members of the Hell Bent for Glory biker club.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarker200734-35_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarker200734-35-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Sacramento charter later disbanded and relocated to <a href="Richmond%2C_California" title="Richmond, California">Richmond</a> as a <a href="Nomad_(motorcycle_club_membership)" title="Nomad (motorcycle club membership)">Nomads chapter</a> in 1965.<sup id="cite_ref-Driving_out_the_Angels_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Driving_out_the_Angels-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <a href="Ralph_%22Sonny%22_Barger" class="mw-redirect" title="Ralph "Sonny" Barger">Ralph "Sonny" Barger</a>, founder of the <a href="Oakland%2C_California" title="Oakland, California">Oakland</a> charter in 1957, other early charters of the club were founded in <a href="Gardena%2C_California" title="Gardena, California">Gardena</a>, and elsewhere, with the members usually unaware that there were other clubs. One of the lesser-known clubs was in North <a href="Chino%2C_California" title="Chino, California">Chino</a>/South <a href="Pomona%2C_California" title="Pomona, California">Pomona</a> in the late 1960s. Barger has been credited with helping to unify these various disparate charters under common club bylaws.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarker200735_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarker200735-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Who_was_Sonny_Barger_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Who_was_Sonny_Barger-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Sonny_Barger_dies_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sonny_Barger_dies-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Other sources claim that the San Francisco Hells Angels were organized in 1953 by Rocky Graves, a Hells Angel member from San Bernardino ("Berdoo"), implying that the "Frisco" Hells Angels were very much aware of their forebears.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The "Frisco" Hells Angels were reorganized in 1955 with 13 charter members, Frank Sadilek serving as president, and the smaller, original logo. The Oakland charter, at the time headed by Barger, used a larger version of the "Death's Head" patch nicknamed the "Barger Larger", which was first used in 1959. It later became the club standard.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first charter to open outside California was established in Auckland, New Zealand, in 1961.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The Hells Angels are often depicted in semi-mythical romantic fashion like the 19th-century <a href="James%E2%80%93Younger_Gang" title="James–Younger Gang">James–Younger Gang</a>: free-spirited, iconic, bound by brotherhood and loyalty. At other times, such as in the 1966 <a href="Roger_Corman" title="Roger Corman">Roger Corman</a> film <i><a href="The_Wild_Angels" title="The Wild Angels">The Wild Angels</a></i>, they are depicted as violent and nihilistic, little more than a violent criminal gang and a scourge on society.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The club became prominent within, and established its notoriety as part of, the 1960s <a href="Counterculture_of_the_1960s" title="Counterculture of the 1960s">counterculture</a> movement in San Francisco's <a href="Haight-Ashbury" title="Haight-Ashbury">Haight-Ashbury</a> District, playing a part at many of the movement's seminal events. Members were directly connected to many of the counterculture's primary leaders, such as <a href="Ken_Kesey" title="Ken Kesey">Ken Kesey</a> and the <a href="Merry_Pranksters" title="Merry Pranksters">Merry Pranksters</a>, <a href="Allen_Ginsberg" title="Allen Ginsberg">Allen Ginsberg</a>, <a href="Jerry_Garcia" title="Jerry Garcia">Jerry Garcia</a> and the <a href="Grateful_Dead" title="Grateful Dead">Grateful Dead</a>, <a href="Timothy_Leary" title="Timothy Leary">Timothy Leary</a>, <a href="The_Beatles" title="The Beatles">The Beatles</a>, <a href="The_Rolling_Stones" title="The Rolling Stones">The Rolling Stones</a>, <a href="Mick_Farren" title="Mick Farren">Mick Farren</a>, and <a href="Tom_Wolfe" title="Tom Wolfe">Tom Wolfe</a>. "<a href="Gonzo_journalism" title="Gonzo journalism">Gonzo</a>" journalist <a href="Hunter_S._Thompson" title="Hunter S. Thompson">Hunter S. Thompson</a>'s book about the club launched his career. From 1968 to 1969 the Hells Angels of San Francisco headquarters was at 715 Ashbury (across from the Grateful Dead house at 710 Ashbury).<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>In 1973, members from several branches of the organization protested at an <a href="United_States_Environmental_Protection_Agency" title="United States Environmental Protection Agency">Environmental Protection Agency</a> hearing about a proposed transportation plan that included restrictions on motorcycle use and sales to get California to meet the new <a href="Clean_Air_Act_(United_States)" title="Clean Air Act (United States)">Clean Air Act</a> standards.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Insignia">Insignia</h2></div>

<p>The Hells Angels' official website attributes the official "death's head" insignia design to Frank Sadilek, past president of the San Francisco charter.<sup id="cite_ref-official_history_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-official_history-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The colors and shape of the early-style jacket emblem (before 1953) were copied from the insignias of the <a href="85th_Fighter_Squadron" class="mw-redirect" title="85th Fighter Squadron">85th Fighter Squadron</a> and the <a href="386th_Bombardment_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="386th Bombardment Group">552nd Medium Bomber Squadron</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-official_history_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-official_history-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The Hells Angels have a system of patches similar to military medals. The specific meaning of each patch is not publicly known, but the patches identify each biker's specific or significant actions or beliefs.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The official colors of the Hells Angels are red lettering displayed on a white background—hence the club's nickname "The Red and White". The patches are worn on leather or denim jackets and vests.

</p><p>Red and white are also used to display the number 81 on many patches, as in "Support 81", "Route 81". The 8 and 1 stand for the respective positions in the alphabet of <i>H</i> and <i>A</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Hells_Angels_movement_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hells_Angels_movement-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Friends and supporters of the club use these in deference to club rules, which purport to restrict the wearing of Hells Angels imagery to club members. The diamond-shaped <a href="Outlaw_motorcycle_club" title="Outlaw motorcycle club">one-percenter</a> patch is also used, displaying "1%" in red on a white background with a red <a href="Overlock" title="Overlock">merrowed</a> border. The term "one-percenter" is said to be a response to the <a href="American_Motorcyclist_Association" title="American Motorcyclist Association">American Motorcyclist Association</a> (AMA) comment on the <a href="Hollister_riot" title="Hollister riot">Hollister incident</a> to the effect that 99% of motorcyclists were law-abiding citizens and 1% were outlaws. The AMA has no record of such a statement and calls this story apocryphal.<sup id="cite_ref-Dulaney2005a_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dulaney2005a-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<p>Most members wear a rectangular patch (again, white background with red letters and a red merrowed border) identifying their respective charter locations. Another similarly designed patch reads "Hells Angels". When applicable, members of the club wear a patch denoting their position or rank within the organization. The patch is rectangular and, like those described above, displays a white background with red letters and a red merrowed border. Some examples of the titles used are President, Vice President, Secretary, Treasurer, and <a href="Sergeant_at_Arms" class="mw-redirect" title="Sergeant at Arms">Sergeant at Arms</a>. This patch is usually worn above the charter location patch. Some members also wear an "AFFA" patch, which stands for "Angels Forever; Forever Angels", referring to their lifelong membership in the club (i.e., "once a member, always a member").

</p><p>An additional patch worn by select club members consists of two Nazi-style SS lightning bolts below the words "Filthy Few". Some law enforcement officials claim that the "Filthy Few" patch is awarded only to those who have committed or are prepared to commit murder on the club's behalf.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESherMarsden2010263_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESherMarsden2010263-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Look_Homeward_Angel_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Look_Homeward_Angel-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hells Angels have denied this interpretation, however, comparing it instead to a <a href="Award" title="Award">merit badge</a> awarded to those who are "the first to arrive at a party and the last to leave".<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to reports from law enforcement and prosecutors, another patch similar to the "Filthy Few" patch is the "Dequiallo" patch.<sup id="cite_ref-Story_Behind_The_Controversial_Hell’s_Angels_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Story_Behind_The_Controversial_Hell’s_Angels-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "Dequiallo" is a reference to <i><a href="El_Deg%C3%BCello" title="El Degüello">El Degüello</a></i>, a <a href="Bugle_call" title="Bugle call">bugle call</a> played by the regimental band of <a href="Antonio_L%C3%B3pez_de_Santa_Anna" title="Antonio López de Santa Anna">Antonio López de Santa Anna</a>'s army at the <a href="Battle_of_the_Alamo" title="Battle of the Alamo">Battle of the Alamo</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Look_Homeward_Angel_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Look_Homeward_Angel-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This patch allegedly "signifies that the wearer has fought law enforcement on arrest."<sup id="cite_ref-dequiallo_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dequiallo-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is no common convention as to where the patches are placed on members' jackets/vests.

</p><p>"Angels Forever, Forever Angels" is also the club's traditional <a href="Motto" title="Motto">motto</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other Hells Angels slogans include "When we do right, nobody remembers. When we do wrong, nobody forgets";<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "Three can keep a secret if two are dead";<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and "When in doubt, knock 'em out", which was coined by New York City charter member Vincent "Big Vinny" Girolamo.<sup id="cite_ref-Outlaw_Motorcycle_Gangs_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Outlaw_Motorcycle_Gangs-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Intellectual_property_rights">Intellectual property rights</h3></div>

<p>The Hells Angels <a href="Incorporation_(business)" title="Incorporation (business)">incorporated</a> in 1966, trademarking the club's name and four symbols.<sup id="cite_ref-Look_Homeward_Angel_44-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Look_Homeward_Angel-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The club filed a trademark infringement lawsuit for the first time on October 26, 1989, when the Hells Angels lodged a federal lawsuit in Los Angeles against <a href="Concorde-New_Horizons" class="mw-redirect" title="Concorde-New Horizons">Concorde-New Horizons</a>, which produced the film <i><a href="Nam_Angels" title="Nam Angels">Nam Angels</a></i>, and against <a href="Media_Home_Entertainment" title="Media Home Entertainment">Media Home Entertainment</a>, which distributed the film on video, over infringements on the club's registered trademarks.<sup id="cite_ref-Hells_Angels_say_trademark_used_without_permission_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hells_Angels_say_trademark_used_without_permission-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hells_Angels_sue_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hells_Angels_sue-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The suit was <a href="Settlement_(litigation)" title="Settlement (litigation)">settled</a> out of court.<sup id="cite_ref-Look_Homeward_Angel_44-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Look_Homeward_Angel-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>According to <i><a href="The_Globe_and_Mail" title="The Globe and Mail">The Globe and Mail</a></i>, the Hells Angels considered seeking an injunction to block the <a href="Canadian_Broadcasting_Corporation" title="Canadian Broadcasting Corporation">Canadian Broadcasting Corporation</a> from broadcasting the miniseries <a href="The_Last_Chapter_(TV_series)" title="The Last Chapter (TV series)"><i>The Last Chapter</i></a>, because of how closely the biker gang at the center of the series resembled the Hells Angels.<sup id="cite_ref-theglobeandmail2002-03-02_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-theglobeandmail2002-03-02-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>In March 2007 the Hells Angels filed suit against the <a href="Walt_Disney_Motion_Pictures_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="Walt Disney Motion Pictures Group">Walt Disney Motion Pictures Group</a> alleging that its film <i><a href="Wild_Hogs" title="Wild Hogs">Wild Hogs</a></i> used both the name and distinctive logo of the HAMC without permission.<sup id="cite_ref-lawsuit_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lawsuit-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The suit was eventually voluntarily dismissed<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> after the Angels received assurances from Disney that the references would not appear in the film.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>On October 7, 2009, Fritz Clapp, attorney at law for the HAMC, contacted online games community FOCO, demanding the removal of all membership marks and club trademarks from the Los Santos Roleplay Forum, a messageboard for the San Andreas Multiplayer modification for <i><a href="Grand_Theft_Auto%3A_San_Andreas" title="Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas">Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas</a></i>. While members of the community were skeptical at first, Clapp posted a tweet confirming his identity.<sup id="cite_ref-Los_Santos_Forum_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Los_Santos_Forum-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Fritz_Clapp_Tweet_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fritz_Clapp_Tweet-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>In October 2010 the Hells Angels filed a lawsuit against <a href="Alexander_McQueen_(brand)" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander McQueen (brand)">Alexander McQueen</a> for "misusing its trademark winged death heads symbol"<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in several items from its Autumn/Winter 2010 collection. The lawsuit also aimed at <a href="Saks_Fifth_Avenue" title="Saks Fifth Avenue">Saks Fifth Avenue</a> and <a href="Zappos.com" class="mw-redirect" title="Zappos.com">Zappos.com</a>, which stock the jacquard box dress and knuckle duster ring that bear the symbol, which has been used since at least 1948 and is protected by the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office. A handbag and scarf were also named in the lawsuit.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The lawyer representing Hells Angels claimed: "This isn't just about money, it's about membership. If you've got one of these rings on, a member might get really upset that you're an impostor."<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Saks refused to comment, Zappos had no immediate comment and the company's parent company, PPR, could not be reached for comment.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The company settled the case with the Hells Angels after agreeing to remove all of the merchandise featuring the logo from sale on their website, stores and concessions and recalling any goods that had already been sold and destroying them.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>In fall 2012 in the <a href="United_States_District_Court_for_the_Eastern_District_of_California" title="United States District Court for the Eastern District of California">United States District Court for the Eastern District of California</a>, Hells Angels sued <a href="Toys_%22R%22_Us" title="Toys "R" Us">Toys "R" Us</a> for <a href="Trademark_infringement" title="Trademark infringement">trademark infringement</a>, <a href="Unfair_competition" class="mw-redirect" title="Unfair competition">unfair competition</a>, and <a href="Trademark_dilution" title="Trademark dilution">dilution</a> in relation to the sale of yo-yos manufactured by Yomega Corporation, a co-defendant, which allegedly bear the "Death Head" logo. In its complaint,<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hells Angels asserted that the mark on the yo-yos would likely lead people to mistakenly believe that the toys originate with Hells Angels. Yomega filed counterclaims against Hells Angels for cancellation of the "Death Head" registrations on grounds of alleged fraud in the procurement of the registrations.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The case settled and the lawsuit was dismissed with prejudice.

</p><p>As of December 2013, the Hells Angels sells its branded merchandise at a retail store in Toronto, Ontario.<sup id="cite_ref-ABA_Journal_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ABA_Journal-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>In 2019, the Hells Angels sued <a href="Redbubble" title="Redbubble">Redbubble</a> in the <a href="Federal_Court_of_Australia" title="Federal Court of Australia">Federal Court of Australia</a> for infringing on its trademark, launching another suit in 2021 after providing evidence that Redbubble had continued to breach the trademark.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 2019 case concluded with the Hells Angels being awarded $5,000 in damages. In July 2022, in the second ruling against Redbubble, the company was ordered to pay the club more than $78,000.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Membership">Membership</h2></div>

<p>To become a Hells Angels "prospect", candidates must have a valid driver's license, a motorcycle over 750<a href="Engine_displacement" title="Engine displacement">cc</a> (46 cu in), and "the right combination of personal qualities." It is said the club excludes <a href="Child_molester" class="mw-redirect" title="Child molester">child molesters</a> and people who have applied to become police or <a href="Prison_officer" title="Prison officer">prison officers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Intravenous drug use is also forbidden among club members.<sup id="cite_ref-Outlaw_Motorcycle_Gangs_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Outlaw_Motorcycle_Gangs-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Members in North America are required to ride U.S.-built motorcycles; <a href="Harley-Davidson" title="Harley-Davidson">Harley-Davidson</a> bikes are most common in the club, although other American brands, such as <a href="Victory_Motorcycles" title="Victory Motorcycles">Victory</a> and <a href="Indian_Motocycle_Manufacturing_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Motocycle Manufacturing Company">Indian</a>, are also permitted.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>After a lengthy, phased process, a prospective member is first deemed a "hang-around", indicating that he is invited to some club events or to meet club members at known gathering places.<sup id="cite_ref-Hells_Angels_movement_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hells_Angels_movement-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If the "hang-around" is interested, he may be asked to become an "associate", a status that usually lasts a year or two. At the end of that stage, he is reclassified as "prospect", participating in some club activities, but not having voting privileges while he is evaluated for suitability as a full member. The last phase, and highest membership status, is full membership or "<a href="Colors_(motorcycling)" title="Colors (motorcycling)">full-patch</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-membership_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-membership-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term "full-patch" refers to the complete four-piece insignia, including the "Death Head" logo, two rockers (top rocker: "Hells Angels"; bottom rocker: state or territory claimed) and the rectangular "MC" patch below the wing of the Death's Head. Prospects are allowed to wear only a bottom rocker with the state, province or territory name along with the rectangular "MC" patch.

</p><p>To become a full member, a "prospect" must be unanimously confirmed by the rest of the full club members.<sup id="cite_ref-bbcbarger_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbcbarger-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Before votes are cast, a "prospect" usually travels to every charter in the sponsoring charter's geographic jurisdiction (state, province, or territory) and introduces himself to every "full-patch" member. This allows each voting member to become familiar with the "prospect" and ask any questions of concern before voting. Some form of formal induction follows, wherein the "prospect" affirms his loyalty to the club and its members.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Full patch Angels often sodomize prospective and hang-around Angels as a way of asserting dominance.<sup id="cite_ref-i382_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-i382-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The final logo patch (top "Hells Angels" rocker) is then awarded at the initiation ceremony. The step of attaining full membership can be called "being patched".

</p><p>Even after a member is patched in, the patches remain the property of HAMC, not the member. On leaving the Hells Angels or being ejected, a member must return his patches to the club.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Members must pay dues, and are required to attend mandatory club meetings and motorcycle runs.<sup id="cite_ref-Outlaw_Motorcycle_Gangs_51-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Outlaw_Motorcycle_Gangs-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Charter meetings, known as "church", are typically held at clubhouses or a member's residence. In 1978, members were required to pay $20 per month to the local charter, and $10 per month to the state charter. The money is used by the club to finance motorcycle runs and funerals, and to fund the travel of club officers to state and national meetings. Hells Angels may become exempt from paying dues after a certain period of time as a member of the club.<sup id="cite_ref-Angels_Do_Not_Forget_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Angels_Do_Not_Forget-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Racial_policies">Racial policies</h3></div>

<p>The club is not officially a racially segregated organization.<sup id="cite_ref-Company1966_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Company1966-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the United States, at least one charter allegedly requires that a candidate be a white male,<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="Sonny_Barger" title="Sonny Barger">Sonny Barger</a> said in a 2000 <a href="BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a> interview, "The club, as a whole, is not racist but we probably have enough racist members that no black guy is going to get in it."<sup id="cite_ref-bbcbarger_76-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbcbarger-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At that time the club had no black members.<sup id="cite_ref-bbcbarger_76-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbcbarger-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>In another interview with Barger in 2000, he said, "if you're a motorcycle rider and you're white, you want to join the Hells Angels. If you're black, you want to join the <a href="East_Bay_Dragons_MC" class="mw-redirect" title="East Bay Dragons MC">Dragons</a>. That's how it is whether anyone likes it or not. We don't have no blacks and they don't have no whites."<sup id="cite_ref-pdr.autono.net_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pdr.autono.net-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When asked whether that could change, Barger replied, "Anything can change. I can't predict the future."<sup id="cite_ref-pdr.autono.net_83-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pdr.autono.net-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tobie Levingston, who formed the black motorcycle club East Bay Dragons MC, wrote in his book that he and Barger have a long-lasting friendship and that the Hells Angels and Dragons have a mutual friendship and hang out and ride together.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>In a 1966 <i><a href="Ebony_magazine" class="mw-redirect" title="Ebony magazine">Ebony</a></i> article about motorcycle rebels in the African-American community, the <a href="Chosen_Few_Motorcycle_Club" title="Chosen Few Motorcycle Club">Chosen Few Motorcycle Club</a> said that they see no racial animosity in the Hells Angels and that when they come into Chosen Few territory they all get together and party.<sup id="cite_ref-Company1966b_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Company1966b-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A Hells Angel member interviewed for the magazine insisted there was no racial prejudice in any of their clubs. He said, "we don't have any Negro members", but maintained that no blacks have sought membership.<sup id="cite_ref-Company1966b_85-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Company1966b-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At one point in the 1970s, the Hells Angels sought to consolidate the various motorcycle clubs and offered every member of the Chosen Few a Hells Angels patch, an offer that was declined.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>A few nonwhite members have been noted in the U.S. and internationally. In 1967, <a href="Hunter_S._Thompson" title="Hunter S. Thompson">Hunter S. Thompson</a> remarked upon a "Chinese Mel from [San Francisco] and Charley, a young Negro from <a href="Oakland%2C_California" title="Oakland, California">Oakland</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-:1_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Steven Wayne Yee, a Chinese-American member of the Hells Angels' <a href="Cleveland" title="Cleveland">Cleveland</a> charter, was <a href="Hells_Angels_MC_criminal_allegations_and_incidents_in_Ohio#David_Hartlaub" title="Hells Angels MC criminal allegations and incidents in Ohio">convicted of murder</a> in 1990.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Satan's Angels MC in <a href="Vancouver" title="Vancouver">Vancouver</a> had a black member when it merged with the Hells Angels in 1983. The San Francisco and <a href="Anchorage" class="mw-redirect" title="Anchorage">Anchorage</a> charters threatened to have the Vancouver charter expelled from the club when they learned of the situation; the matter was ultimately resolved when the man changed his nationality to "<a href="Native_Hawaiians" title="Native Hawaiians">Hawaiian</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-Overview_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Overview-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An unsanctioned Hells Angels charter in <a href="Windsor%2C_Berkshire" title="Windsor, Berkshire">Windsor</a>, England was granted official status in 1985 shortly after its only black member, John Mikkelsen, had died in police custody.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another notable is Haitian-born <a href="Gregory_Woolley" class="mw-redirect" title="Gregory Woolley">Gregory "Picasso" Woolley</a>, a high-ranking member of the <a href="Rockers_Motor_Club" title="Rockers Motor Club">Rockers MC</a> in <a href="Montreal" title="Montreal">Montreal</a>, who was the protégé<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and bodyguard of Hells Angel boss <a href="Maurice_Boucher" title="Maurice Boucher">Maurice "Mom" Boucher</a> (who spent five years in a notoriously white-supremacist motorcycle gang, the SS). Woolley became an associate of the Hells Angels Montreal charter<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in the 1990s and later tried uniting street gangs in Quebec after Boucher was imprisoned.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Women">Women</h3></div>

<p>Although rare, the Hells Angels permitted female members until 1964, when Barger imposed a rule making the club male-only.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarker200753_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarker200753-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Retired special agent <a href="Jay_Dobyns" title="Jay Dobyns">Jay Dobyns</a> explained that within the Hells Angels, there is a hierarchy among women. Older ladies who are wives or girlfriends of members are at the top. Messing with a member's partner leads to violence. Groupies also visit the clubhouse and freely move between members.<sup id="cite_ref-r557_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-r557-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Media allegations of widespread <a href="Sexual_abuse" title="Sexual abuse">sexual abuse</a> and <a href="Rape" title="Rape">rape</a> by some members of the gang have been described by <a href="Hunter_S._Thompson" title="Hunter S. Thompson">Hunter S. Thompson</a> mainly as the product of a <a href="Moral_panic" title="Moral panic">moral panic</a>, although his <a href="Hell's_Angels_(book)" title="Hell's Angels (book)">book</a> contains extensive references to <a href="Sexual_grooming" title="Sexual grooming">grooming</a>, sexual coercion and premeditated <a href="Gang_rape" title="Gang rape">gang-rape</a> used as a punishment against women and girls accused of hurting the gang or its members' interests. According to Thompson, a common abuse strategy used by Angels was to exploit inebriated or drugged victims initially consenting to sex with one or several bikers, and to coerce them into having sex with a larger number of men. The victims' initial consent would be used both as a defence strategy in case of a trial or as a guarantee that they would not press charges out of fear to be publicly shamed during their testimony. Thompson also states that sexual violence was often followed by victims and <a href="Witness_tampering" title="Witness tampering">witness intimidation</a> by Angels or their female partners.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_87-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Organization">Organization</h2></div>

<p>The Hells Angels became the first notarized and organized outlaw motorcycle club, and the biker clubs formed subsequently have reportedly imitated the Angels' insignias, rules, doctrines and rituals.<sup id="cite_ref-Angels_Do_Not_Forget_19-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Angels_Do_Not_Forget-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hells Angels charters are governed by an officer corps, consisting of a president, vice president, secretary/treasurer, <a href="Sergeant-at-arms" class="mw-redirect" title="Sergeant-at-arms">sergeant-at-arms</a> and road captain.<sup id="cite_ref-Angels_Do_Not_Forget_19-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Angels_Do_Not_Forget-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Charters are required to retain a minimum of six members,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESherMarsden2006318_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESherMarsden2006318-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and are composed of between ten and twelve members on average.<sup id="cite_ref-NW_Clubhouse_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NW_Clubhouse-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Each charter has autonomy regarding member discipline and minor policy changes.<sup id="cite_ref-Outlaw_Motorcycle_Gangs_51-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Outlaw_Motorcycle_Gangs-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>In contrast to other prominent motorcycle clubs in the United States, the Hells Angels organization is not headed by a national or international president; it is instead governed by regional officers, who are each chosen to represent a collective of localized charters at monthly regional meetings. Regional officers are divided into two groups: those who attend the West Coast Officers Meeting ("WesCOM") to conduct the policy, actions, and affairs of the Hells Angels' charters in the Western United States, and those who attend the East Coast Officers Meeting ("ECOM") to govern the charters in the Eastern United States.<sup id="cite_ref-Outlaw_Motorcycle_Gangs_51-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Outlaw_Motorcycle_Gangs-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The dividing point of the east and west regions is <a href="Omaha%2C_Nebraska" title="Omaha, Nebraska">Omaha, Nebraska</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Organized_Crime_in_America_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Organized_Crime_in_America-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In states with multiple charters, weekly state meetings are also held in addition to charter meetings.<sup id="cite_ref-Outlaw_Motorcycle_Gangs_51-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Outlaw_Motorcycle_Gangs-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Although the Hells Angels have no official "mother charter ", the club's <i>de facto</i> national headquarters remained in its founding location of <a href="San_Bernardino%2C_California" title="San Bernardino, California">San Bernardino, California</a> until club founder Otto Friedli was imprisoned in 1958.<sup id="cite_ref-Look_Homeward_Angel_44-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Look_Homeward_Angel-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Outlaw_Motorcycle_Gangs_51-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Outlaw_Motorcycle_Gangs-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The club's unofficial headquarters was then relocated to <a href="Oakland%2C_California" title="Oakland, California">Oakland, California</a> by <a href="Sonny_Barger" title="Sonny Barger">Sonny Barger</a>, who succeeded Friedli as the Hells Angels' <i>de facto</i> national president.<sup id="cite_ref-Angels_Do_Not_Forget_19-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Angels_Do_Not_Forget-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Oakland charter has traditionally been able to maintain a preeminent position as "<a href="First_among_equals" class="mw-redirect" title="First among equals">first among equals</a>" because it has the largest membership of any charter the United States and because of Barger's esteem among club members internationally.<sup id="cite_ref-Overview_90-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Overview-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Oakland charter is responsible for making major decisions within the club and granting new charters. Any motorcycle club seeking to join to the Hells Angels must apply to the Oakland charter for membership, and the applicant club must be monitored and approved of by the Oakland Hells Angels before being granted membership.<sup id="cite_ref-Angels_Do_Not_Forget_19-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Angels_Do_Not_Forget-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>In New York state, the HAMC is incorporated as the Church of Angels, a <a href="Nonprofit_organization" title="Nonprofit organization">nonprofit religious organization</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Worldwide_charters">Worldwide charters</h3></div>

<p>The HAMC acknowledges more than 100 charters in over 29 countries. New Zealand had the first charter of the Hells Angels outside the United States; the club founded a charter in <a href="Auckland" title="Auckland">Auckland</a> in 1961, and has since taken over gangs in <a href="Whanganui" title="Whanganui">Whanganui</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Kemp,_p_50_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kemp,_p_50-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Europe did not become widely home to the Hells Angels until 1969 when two London charters were formed. <a href="The_Beatles" title="The Beatles">The Beatles</a>' <a href="George_Harrison" title="George Harrison">George Harrison</a> invited some members of the HAMC San Francisco to stay at <a href="Apple_Records" title="Apple Records">Apple Records</a> in London in 1968.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Chris O'Dell, only two members showed up, Frisco Pete and Bill "Sweet William" Fritsch.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two people from London visited California, "prospected", and ultimately joined. Two charters were issued on July 30, 1969; one for "South London"—the reimagined charter renewing the already existing 1950 South London charter—and the other for "East London", but by 1973 the two charters came together as one, called "London". The London Angels provided security at a number of <a href="United_Kingdom_Underground" class="mw-redirect" title="United Kingdom Underground">UK Underground</a> festivals, including <a href="Phun_City" title="Phun City">Phun City</a> in 1970, organized by <a href="Mick_Farren" title="Mick Farren">Mick Farren</a>. They awarded Farren an "approval patch" in 1970 for use on his first solo album <i>Mona</i>, which also featured <a href="Steve_Peregrin_Took" title="Steve Peregrin Took">Steve Peregrin Took</a> (credited as "Shagrat the Vagrant").<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>In 1977, the Hells Angels arrived in Canada with the <a href="Popeye_Moto_Club" title="Popeye Moto Club">Popeye Moto Club</a> patching over to form the Hells Angels' <a href="Montreal" title="Montreal">Montreal</a> charter.<sup id="cite_ref-How_the_Hells_Angels_Conquered_Canada_106-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-How_the_Hells_Angels_Conquered_Canada-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the 1980s and 1990s, there was a major expansion of the club into the rest of Canada. The <a href="Quebec_Biker_War" title="Quebec Biker War">Quebec Biker War</a> was a violent turf war that began in 1994 and continued until late 2002 in Quebec. The war began when the Hells Angels in Quebec began to try to establish a monopoly on street-level drug sales in Quebec. Many drug dealers and crime families resisted and established groups such as the "Alliance to fight the Angels", led by the <a href="Rock_Machine" class="mw-redirect" title="Rock Machine">Rock Machine</a>. The war resulted in the bombings of many establishments and murders on both sides. More than 160 people died, over 300 were injured,<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and over 100 bikers were incarcerated.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Members of the Spanish charter were involved in a killing and tried.<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>A list of acknowledged charters can be found on the HAMC's official website.<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Support_clubs">Support clubs</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="List_of_Hells_Angels_support_clubs" title="List of Hells Angels support clubs">List of Hells Angels support clubs</a></div>

<p>Hells Angels chapters often oversee smaller motorcycle clubs within their locality, known as <a href="Support_club" class="mw-redirect" title="Support club">support clubs</a> or "puppet" clubs.<sup id="cite_ref-Barker1_111-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barker1-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These clubs serve as a potential source of recruitment and earnings for the Hells Angels, and, according to law enforcement, carry out crimes on the Hells Angels' behalf in order to shield the Hells Angels from scrutiny.<sup id="cite_ref-Barker1_111-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barker1-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-How_the_Hells_Angels_maintain_their_influence_113-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-How_the_Hells_Angels_maintain_their_influence-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Hells Angels also use support clubs to establish an initial presence in an area before forming a full-fledged charter.<sup id="cite_ref-Show_them_the_money_114-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Show_them_the_money-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Support clubs may be established for the sole purpose of providing assistance to the Hells Angels, or begin as independent clubs before coming under the Hells Angels' control.<sup id="cite_ref-Show_them_the_money_114-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Show_them_the_money-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Such clubs may maintain relations with the Hells Angels for protection or to bolster their reputation.<sup id="cite_ref-Aspects_115-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Aspects-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Members of puppet clubs attend Hells Angels events and associate with Hells Angels at gatherings.<sup id="cite_ref-How_the_Hells_Angels_maintain_their_influence_113-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-How_the_Hells_Angels_maintain_their_influence-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Puppet club members are also permitted to wear a diamond-shaped "81" <a href="Embroidered_patch" title="Embroidered patch">patch</a> on their vests, which indicates their adherence to the Hells Angels.<sup id="cite_ref-How_the_Hells_Angels_maintain_their_influence_113-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-How_the_Hells_Angels_maintain_their_influence-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Preventing_organised_crime_116-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Preventing_organised_crime-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The <a href="Red_Devils_Motorcycle_Club" title="Red Devils Motorcycle Club">Red Devils Motorcycle Club</a>, a biker group with chapters in nearly 20 countries, is the official and most prominent support club of the Hells Angels.<sup id="cite_ref-Emergence_of_Canada's_Red_Devils_117-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Emergence_of_Canada's_Red_Devils-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Nova_Scotia_police_118-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nova_Scotia_police-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Biker_gang's_patch_119-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Biker_gang's_patch-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Hells Angels have more than two dozen support clubs in Canada.<sup id="cite_ref-Show_them_the_money_114-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Show_them_the_money-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Norway, the Hells Angels have built up a network of support clubs over which they exert control and hold responsibility for administering three-piece back patches.<sup id="cite_ref-Preventing_organised_crime_116-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Preventing_organised_crime-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Hells Angels have also formed support groups, such as <a href="AK81" title="AK81">AK81</a> in Denmark and the Red & White Crew in Sweden, which consist of young males who do not own motorcycles.<sup id="cite_ref-Preventing_organised_crime_116-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Preventing_organised_crime-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Club_mergers">Club mergers</h3></div>

<p>Over the years, the Hells Angels have amalgamated a number of smaller outlaw motorcycle clubs in a process known as a "patch-over".<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<caption>Hells Angels club mergers

</caption>

<th>Location</th>

<th>Original Club/Charter</th>

<th>Hells Angels Charter</th>

<th>References

</th></tr>

<tr>

<td rowspan="3">United States</td>

<td>Animals MC <br> Gooses MC</td>

<td>Hells Angels Cleveland</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Aliens MC Nomads</td>

<td>Hells Angels New York City</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Hackers MC</td>

<td>Hells Angels Rochester</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Germany</td>

<td>Bloody Devils MC</td>

<td>Hells Angels Hamburg</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td rowspan="3">United States</td>

<td>Storm Troopers MC</td>

<td>Hells Angels Durham</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Grateful Dead MC</td>

<td>Hells Angels Bridgeport</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Tribulators MC</td>

<td>Hells Angels Charleston</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Canada</td>

<td><a href="Popeye_Moto_Club" title="Popeye Moto Club">Popeye MC</a></td>

<td>Hells Angels North (Montreal)</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td rowspan="2">United States</td>

<td>Satan's Slaves MC</td>

<td>Hells Angels San Fernando Valley</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Tar Heel Stompers MC</td>

<td>Hells Angels Charlotte</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Netherlands</td>

<td>Kreidler Ploeg Oost</td>

<td>Hells Angels Amsterdam</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>United States</td>

<td>Original Jokers MC</td>

<td>Hells Angels Winston-Salem</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Netherlands</td>

<td>Hells Angels Haarlem</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Denmark</td>

<td>Unionen MC</td>

<td>Hells Angels Copenhagen</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Spain</td>

<td>Hells Angels Spain</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td rowspan="2">United States</td>

<td><a href="Grim_Reapers_Motorcycle_Club_(USA)" title="Grim Reapers Motorcycle Club (USA)">Grim Reapers MC</a> Minneapolis</td>

<td>Hells Angels Minneapolis</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Brothers MC</td>

<td>Hells Angels Anchorage</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td rowspan="3">Canada</td>

<td>Satan's Angels MC</td>

<td>Hells Angels Vancouver</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>13th Tribe MC</td>

<td>Hells Angels Halifax</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Gitans_Moto_Club" title="Gitans Moto Club">Gitans MC</a></td>

<td>Hells Angels Sherbrooke</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Denmark</td>

<td>Black Sheep MC</td>

<td>Hells Angels South (Helsingør)</td>

<td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Germany</td>

<td>Phoenix MC</td>

<td>Hells Angels Berlin</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Canada</td>

<td>Satan's Guard MC</td>

<td>Hells Angels Trois-Rivières</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Norway</td>

<td>Rowdies MC</td>

<td>Hells Angels Trondheim</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Denmark</td>

<td>Nordstjernen MC</td>

<td>Hells Angels Aarhus</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Sweden</td>

<td>Dirty Dräggels</td>

<td>Hells Angels Malmö</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>United States</td>

<td>Hell's Henchmen MC</td>

<td>Hells Angels Illinois <br> Hells Angels Indiana</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Sweden</td>

<td>Rebels MC</td>

<td>Hells Angels Helsingborg</td>

<td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Finland</td>

<td>Overkill MC</td>

<td>Hells Angels Helsinki</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Denmark</td>

<td>Mental Midgets MC</td>

<td>Hells Angels Odense</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td rowspan="2">Norway</td>

<td>Customizers MC</td>

<td>Hells Angels Oslo</td>

<td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>The Shabby Ones MC</td>

<td>Hells Angels Stavanger</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Denmark</td>

<td>Avengers MC</td>

<td>Hells Angels Aalborg</td>

<td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Sweden</td>

<td>Choppers MC</td>

<td>Hells Angels Stockholm</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Canada</td>

<td><a href="Grim_Reapers_Motorcycle_Club_(Canada)" title="Grim Reapers Motorcycle Club (Canada)">Grim Reapers MC</a></td>

<td>Hells Angels Alberta</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>United States</td>

<td><a href="Dirty_Dozen_Motorcycle_Club" title="Dirty Dozen Motorcycle Club">Dirty Dozen MC</a></td>

<td>Hells Angels Arizona</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Canada</td>

<td><a href="Rebels_Motorcycle_Club_(Canada)" title="Rebels Motorcycle Club (Canada)">Rebels MC</a></td>

<td>Hells Angels Saskatoon</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Norway</td>

<td>Screwdrivers MC</td>

<td>Hells Angels Hamar</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Sweden</td>

<td>Gamlestadens MC</td>

<td>Hells Angels Gothenburg</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td rowspan="2">Canada</td>

<td>Los Bravos MC</td>

<td>Hells Angels Winnipeg</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Last Chance MC <br> Lobos MC <br> Para-Dice Riders MC <br> <a href="Satan's_Choice_Motorcycle_Club" title="Satan's Choice Motorcycle Club">Satan's Choice MC</a></td>

<td>Hells Angels Ontario</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Denmark</td>

<td>Piraterne MC</td>

<td>Hells Angels Randers</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>United States</td>

<td>Brothers Fast MC</td>

<td>Hells Angels Denver</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Canada</td>

<td><a href="Bandidos_Motorcycle_Club" title="Bandidos Motorcycle Club">Bandidos MC</a> Edmonton</td>

<td>Hells Angels Red Deer Nomads</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>United States</td>

<td>North Coast MC</td>

<td>Hells Angels Akron</td>

</td></tr>

</tbody></table>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Criminal_activities_and_incidents">Criminal activities and incidents</h2></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Hells_Angels_MC_criminal_allegations_and_incidents" title="Hells Angels MC criminal allegations and incidents">Hells Angels MC criminal allegations and incidents</a></div>

<p>Various U.S. law enforcement agencies classify the Hells Angels as one of the "big four" <a href="Outlaw_motorcycle_club#Outlaw_motorcycle_clubs_as_criminal_enterprises" title="Outlaw motorcycle club">motorcycle gangs</a>, along with the <a href="Pagan's_Motorcycle_Club" title="Pagan's Motorcycle Club">Pagans</a>, the <a href="Outlaws_Motorcycle_Club" title="Outlaws Motorcycle Club">Outlaws</a>, and the <a href="Bandidos_Motorcycle_Club" title="Bandidos Motorcycle Club">Bandidos</a>, and contend that members carry out widespread violent crime and <a href="Organized_crime" title="Organized crime">organized crime</a>, including drug dealing, trafficking in stolen goods, <a href="Extortion" title="Extortion">extortion</a>, and prostitution operations.<sup id="cite_ref-165" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-165"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>165<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-166" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-166"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>166<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Australia, the Hells Angels are included among the "big six", with the Bandidos, the <a href="Comanchero_Motorcycle_Club" title="Comanchero Motorcycle Club">Comanchero</a>, the <a href="Finks_Motorcycle_Club" title="Finks Motorcycle Club">Finks</a>, the <a href="Mongols_Motorcycle_Club" title="Mongols Motorcycle Club">Mongols</a>, and the <a href="Rebels_Motorcycle_Club" title="Rebels Motorcycle Club">Rebels</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-By_their_colours_167-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-By_their_colours-167"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>167<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Victoria_bikies_168-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Victoria_bikies-168"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>168<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All Hells Angels charters are autonomous and operate on their own. As such, some charters refrain from any illegal activity, while others operate as crime syndicates.<sup id="cite_ref-169" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-169"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>169<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Members of the organization have continuously asserted that they are only a group of motorcycle enthusiasts who have joined to ride motorcycles together, to organize social events such as group road trips, fundraisers, parties, and motorcycle rallies, and that any crimes are the responsibility of the people who carried them out, not the club as a whole.<sup id="cite_ref-170" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-170"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>170<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-171" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-171"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>171<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>In May 2019, a court in <a href="Utrecht" title="Utrecht">Utrecht</a> issued a verdict that made the Netherlands the first country to completely ban the Hells Angels. The presiding judge called it "a danger to public order and the rule of law".<sup id="cite_ref-172" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-172"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>172<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other countries such as Germany had banned local charters, but never the entire club.<sup id="cite_ref-173" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-173"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>173<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-174" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-174"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>174<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-175" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-175"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>175<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-176" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-176"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>176<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On July 15, 2022, the <a href="Supreme_Court_of_the_Netherlands" title="Supreme Court of the Netherlands">Supreme Court of the Netherlands</a> reaffirmed the ban, making it permanent.<sup id="cite_ref-177" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-177"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>177<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

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<ul><li><a href="List_of_outlaw_motorcycle_clubs" title="List of outlaw motorcycle clubs">List of outlaw motorcycle clubs</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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</style><cite id="CITEREFGartrell2022" class="citation news cs1">Gartrell, Nate (June 29, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220714205429/https://www.mercurynews.com/2022/06/29/sonny-barger-famous-hells-angel-and-bestselling-author-dead-at-83-of-cancer/">"Sonny Barger, famous Hells Angel and bestselling author, dead at 83 of cancer"</a>. <i><a href="The_Mercury_News" title="The Mercury News">The Mercury News</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mercurynews.com/2022/06/29/sonny-barger-famous-hells-angel-and-bestselling-author-dead-at-83-of-cancer/">the original</a> on July 14, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 30,</span> 2022</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Hells_merchandise-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hells_merchandise_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.simcoereformer.ca/news/local-news/hells-merchandise-barred-from-friday-13th">Hells merchandise barred from Friday 13th</a> Monte Sonnenberg, <i><a href="Simcoe_Reformer" title="Simcoe Reformer">Simcoe Reformer</a></i> (May 8, 2019) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190508204131/https://www.simcoereformer.ca/news/local-news/hells-merchandise-barred-from-friday-13th">Archived</a> May 8, 2019, at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hells-angels.com/our-club/history/">"The Founding of the Hells Angels Motorcycle Club"</a>. <i>Hells-Angels.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210416164838/https://hells-angels.com/our-club/history/">Archived</a> from the original on April 16, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 3,</span> 2021</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-independent.co.uk-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-independent.co.uk_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080609010101/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/crime/inside%2Dthe%2Dbiker%2Dgangs%2Dthe%2Dtruth%2Dabout%2Dguns%2Ddrugs%2Dand%2Dorganised%2Dcrime%2D461508.html">"Inside the biker gangs: the truth about guns, drugs and organized crime"</a>. <i>The Independent</i>. UK. August 14, 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/crime/inside-the-biker-gangs-the-truth-about-guns-drugs-and-organised-crime-461508.html">the original</a> on June 9, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 13,</span> 2010</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-independent.co._uk-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-independent.co._uk_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <span class="error mw-ext-cite-error" lang="en" dir="ltr">Cite error: The named reference <code>independent.co. uk</code> was invoked but never defined (see the help page).</span></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Drewery2003-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Drewery2003_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFDrewery2003" class="citation news cs1">Drewery, George (Spring 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060906155915/http://weblearn.newcastle.edu.au/centre/ics/pubs/ICS_Vol_3_No_2_spring2003.pdf">"3 Skulls, Wings & Outlaws – Motorcycle Club Insignia & Cultural Identity"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Inter-Cultural Studies; A Forum on Social Change & Cultural Diversity</i>. Vol. 3, no. 2. p. 29. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1445-1190">1445-1190</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://weblearn.newcastle.edu.au/centre/ics/pubs/ICS_Vol_3_No_2_spring2003.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on September 6, 2006.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fortune.com/2012/12/02/the-hells-angels-devilish-business-fortune-1992/">The Hells Angels’ devilish business (Fortune, 1992)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210309175943/https://fortune.com/2012/12/02/the-hells-angels-devilish-business-fortune-1992/">Archived</a> March 9, 2021, at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Andy Serwer, <i><a href="Fortune_(magazine)" title="Fortune (magazine)">Fortune</a></i> (December 2, 2012)</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hells-angels.com">Hells Angels MC World</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221017033220/https://hells-angels.com/">Archived</a> October 17, 2022, at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> At the bottom of the homepage under "CHARTERS WORLDWIDE" is a listing of all current info - continents, countries, areas and charters</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Angels_organizing_on_P.E.I.-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Angels_organizing_on_P.E.I._9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Angels_organizing_on_P.E.I._9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/prince-edward-island/pei-hells-angels-rcmp-1.3775990">Hells Angels organizing on P.E.I., say RCMP</a> Kevin Yarr and Sally Pitt, <a href="Canadian_Broadcasting_Corporation" title="Canadian Broadcasting Corporation">Canadian Broadcasting Corporation</a> (September 23, 2016) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160924130126/https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/prince-edward-island/pei-hells-angels-rcmp-1.3775990">Archived</a> September 24, 2016, at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Clubhouses_seized-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Clubhouses_seized_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Clubhouses_seized_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.houston-today.com/news/hells-angels-clubhouses-in-kelowna-nanaimo-and-vancouver-seized-by-government/">Hells Angels clubhouses in Kelowna, Nanaimo and Vancouver seized by government</a> Jacqueline Gelineau, <i>Houston Today</i> (February 15, 2023) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230217023659/https://www.houston-today.com/news/hells-angels-clubhouses-in-kelowna-nanaimo-and-vancouver-seized-by-government/">Archived</a> February 17, 2023, at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"81" is a metonym. As 'H' and 'A' are the 8th and 1st letter of the alphabet.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-How_the_Bandidos_became_one_of_the_world’s_most_feared_biker_gangs-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-How_the_Bandidos_became_one_of_the_world’s_most_feared_biker_gangs_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFMiller2015" class="citation news cs1">Miller, Michael E. (May 18, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/morning-mix/wp/2015/05/18/how-the-bandidos-became-americas-most-feared-biker-gang/">"How the Bandidos became one of the world's most feared biker gangs"</a>. <i><a href="Washington_Post" class="mw-redirect" title="Washington Post">Washington Post</a></i>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0190-8286">0190-8286</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220414165703/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/morning-mix/wp/2015/05/18/how-the-bandidos-became-americas-most-feared-biker-gang/">Archived</a> from the original on April 14, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 15,</span> 2022</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Multiple sources:

<ul><li><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140415074158/http://www.justice.gov/criminal/ocgs/gangs/motorcycle.html">"Motorcycle gang"</a>. U.S. Department of Justice. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.justice.gov/criminal/ocgs/gangs/motorcycle.html">the original</a> on April 15, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 23,</span> 2010</span>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFLockyer2003" class="citation web cs1">Lockyer, Bill (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100129021517/http://ag.ca.gov/publications/org_crime.pdf">"ORGANIZED CRIME IN CALIFORNIA"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>CALIFORNIA DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ag.ca.gov/publications/org_crime.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on January 29, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 23,</span> 2010</span>.</cite></li>

<li><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110721060631/http://www.oregonattorneygeneral.gov/hot_topics/pdf/oc_report_final.pdf">"ORGANIZED CRIME IN OREGON"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Oregon State Department of Justice. September 2006. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oregonattorneygeneral.gov/hot_topics/pdf/oc_report_final.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on July 21, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 23,</span> 2010</span>.</cite></li>

<li><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/rr/frd/pdf-files/AsianOrgCrime_Canada.pdf">"ASIAN ORGANIZED CRIME AND TERRORIST ACTIVITY IN CANADA, 1999–2002"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Federal Research Division</i>. Library of Congress. July 2003. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201114001449/https://www.loc.gov/rr/frd/pdf-files/AsianOrgCrime_Canada.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on November 14, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 23,</span> 2010</span>.</cite></li>

<li><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.europol.europa.eu/media-press/newsroom/news/major-international-operation-against-hells-angels">"Major international operation against Hells Angels"</a>. <i>Europol</i>. July 24, 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221120163246/https://www.europol.europa.eu/media-press/newsroom/news/major-international-operation-against-hells-angels">Archived</a> from the original on November 20, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 15,</span> 2022</span>.</cite> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221120163246/https://www.europol.europa.eu/media-press/newsroom/news/major-international-operation-against-hells-angels">"Major international operation against Hells Angels | Europol"</a>. Archived from the original on November 20, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 15,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{cite web}}</code>: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)</span></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://publications.gc.ca/Collection/JS61-8-2003E.pdf">2003 Annual Report on Organized Crime in Canada</a> <a href="Criminal_Intelligence_Service_Canada" title="Criminal Intelligence Service Canada">Criminal Intelligence Service Canada</a> (2003) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230702195551/https://publications.gc.ca/site/archivee-archived.html?url=https://publications.gc.ca/Collection/JS61-8-2003E.pdf">Archived</a> July 2, 2023, at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.afp.gov.au/news-media/media-releases/afp-targets-outlaw-motorcycle-gangs-south-east-asia">AFP targets outlaw motorcycle gangs in South-East Asia</a> <a href="Australian_Federal_Police" title="Australian Federal Police">Australian Federal Police</a> (July 11, 2022) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220710211356/https://www.afp.gov.au/news-media/media-releases/afp-targets-outlaw-motorcycle-gangs-south-east-asia">Archived</a> July 10, 2022, at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li></ul>

</span></li>

<li id="cite_note-Langton_2018-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Langton_2018_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Secret Life of Bikers</i> by Jerry Langton. Location 19.5/477. HarperCollings:2018 <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1-44345-467-4</bdi></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-:0-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_15-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFJames2009" class="citation news cs1">James, Randy (August 3, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221225023032/https://content.time.com/time/nation/article/0,8599,1914201,00.html">"A Brief History of the Hells Angels"</a>. <i>Time</i>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0040-781X">0040-781X</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://content.time.com/time/nation/article/0,8599,1914201,00.html">the original</a> on December 25, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 18,</span> 2020</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Betty_Supernaw-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Betty_Supernaw_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thewesternempire.com/uncategorized/the-betty-supernaw-hells-angels-pobobs-archive/">The Betty Supernaw Hells Angels & POBOBs Archive</a> TheWesternEmpire.com (June 1, 2020) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220306215434/https://thewesternempire.com/uncategorized/the-betty-supernaw-hells-angels-pobobs-archive/">Archived</a> March 6, 2022, at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Contemporary_Outlaws-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Contemporary_Outlaws_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thevintagent.com/2021/01/19/research-into-contemporary-outlaws-rico/">Research into Contemporary Outlaws (RICO)</a> Greg Williams, TheVintagent.com (January 19, 2021) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220522232030/https://thevintagent.com/2021/01/19/research-into-contemporary-outlaws-rico/">Archived</a> May 22, 2022, at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hells-angels.com/?HA=history">"Hells Angels MC World"</a>. Hells-angels.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140821032151/http://www.hells-angels.com/?HA=history">Archived</a> from the original on August 21, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 15,</span> 2011</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Angels_Do_Not_Forget-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Angels_Do_Not_Forget_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Angels_Do_Not_Forget_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Angels_Do_Not_Forget_19-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Angels_Do_Not_Forget_19-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Angels_Do_Not_Forget_19-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Angels_Do_Not_Forget_19-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Angels_Do_Not_Forget_19-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFRaymond_C._Morgan1979" class="citation book cs1">Raymond C. Morgan (1979). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RA5XCAAAQBAJ&pg=PT8"><i>The Angels Do Not Forget</i></a>. Law & Justice Pubs, U.S.A. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9780960271801</bdi>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230307143516/https://books.google.com/books?id=RA5XCAAAQBAJ&pg=PT8">Archived</a> from the original on March 7, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 29,</span> 2023</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFRossi" class="citation web cs1">Rossi, J.R. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.flyingtigersavg.22web.org/tiger9.htm">"Flying Tiger Association Unit Rosters"</a>. <i>The Flying Tigers - American Volunteer Group - Chinese Air Force</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131205120221/http://www.flyingtigersavg.22web.org/tiger9.htm">Archived</a> from the original on December 5, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 7,</span> 2012</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hells-angels.com/faqcontact/">"FAQ/Contact – Hells Angels MC World"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200430201909/http://hells-angels.com/faqcontact/">Archived</a> from the original on April 30, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 2,</span> 2020</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bishop, Cliff T. (1986). <i>Fortresses of the Big Triangle First</i>, East Anglia Books. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>1-869987-00-4</bdi>, pp.160, 236.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-hangels-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-hangels_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.303rdbg.com/missionreports/ha-vs-mb.pdf">"Hells Angels vs. Memphis Belle, Historical Information"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. 303rd Bomb Group Association. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130923093641/http://www.303rdbg.com/missionreports/ha-vs-mb.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on September 23, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 11,</span> 2008</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarker200734-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarker200734_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBarker2007">Barker 2007</a>, p. 34.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarker200734-35-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarker200734-35_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBarker2007">Barker 2007</a>, p. 34-35.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Driving_out_the_Angels-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Driving_out_the_Angels_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.abc10.com/article/news/local/driving-out-the-angels-how-an-outlaw-motorcycle-club-was-ousted-from-sacramento/103-461576041">Driving out the Angels: How an outlaw motorcycle club was ousted from Sacramento</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221208230730/https://www.abc10.com/article/news/local/driving-out-the-angels-how-an-outlaw-motorcycle-club-was-ousted-from-sacramento/103-461576041">Archived</a> December 8, 2022, at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Michael Anthony Adams, <a href="KXTV" title="KXTV">ABC 10</a> (August 5, 2017)</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarker200735-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarker200735_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBarker2007">Barker 2007</a>, p. 35.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Who_was_Sonny_Barger-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Who_was_Sonny_Barger_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fox40.com/news/local-news/who-was-sonny-barger-the-hells-angels-member-whose-funeral-service-is-in-stockton/">Who was Sonny Barger, the Hells Angels member whose funeral service is in Stockton</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221208195718/https://fox40.com/news/local-news/who-was-sonny-barger-the-hells-angels-member-whose-funeral-service-is-in-stockton/">Archived</a> December 8, 2022, at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Megan Camponovo, <a href="KTXL" title="KTXL">Fox 40</a> (September 22, 2022)</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Sonny_Barger_dies-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sonny_Barger_dies_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tampabay.com/news/nation-world/2022/07/01/sonny-barger-figurehead-of-hells-angels-dies-at-83/">Sonny Barger, figurehead of Hells Angels, dies at 83</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221208195713/https://www.tampabay.com/news/nation-world/2022/07/01/sonny-barger-figurehead-of-hells-angels-dies-at-83/">Archived</a> December 8, 2022, at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <i><a href="Tampa_Bay_Times" title="Tampa Bay Times">Tampa Bay Times</a></i> (July 1, 2022)</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Birney Jarvis for <i>Male</i> magazine, 1964. Reprinted in <i>Hells Angels</i> by Hunter S. Thompson</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFRoberts2012" class="citation book cs1">Roberts, Walter (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6dtpZvDVImcC&dq=yves+trudeau+Andr%C3%A9+Desjardins&pg=PT27"><i>Biker Gangs: Hells Angels, Bandidos, Pagans, Bosozoku and Other World Gangs</i></a>. RW Press. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9781909284067</bdi>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230430040828/https://books.google.com/books?id=6dtpZvDVImcC&dq=yves%20trudeau%20Andr%C3%A9%20Desjardins&pg=PT27">Archived</a> from the original on April 30, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 22,</span> 2022</span>. <q>It was Sonny Barger, founder of the Oakland Hells Angels, who brought them all together under one umbrella. Some suggest that the organization of the Hells Angels had already taken place in San Francisco in 1953 when Rocky Graves gathered together 13 charter members, with a president, using a smaller version of the Death's Head logo. The Oakland charter used a bigger version of the logo—known as the 'Barger Larger'. This would eventually become the standard version used everywhere.</q></cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFBagnall2004" class="citation news cs1">Bagnall, Sam (January 2, 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/programmes/this_world/3311057.stm">"Hells Angels: Easy-riders or criminal gang?"</a>. <i>This World</i>. BBC News. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100621015132/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/programmes/this_world/3311057.stm">Archived</a> from the original on June 21, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 13,</span> 2010</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFChamings2021" class="citation web cs1">Chamings, Andrew (April 27, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sfgate.com/sf-culture/article/2021-04-san-francisco-haight-ashbury-famous-homes-16129977.php">"The most famous (and infamous) houses of Haight-Ashbury"</a>. <i>SFGATE</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210515055154/https://www.sfgate.com/sf-culture/article/2021-04-san-francisco-haight-ashbury-famous-homes-16129977.php">Archived</a> from the original on May 15, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 15,</span> 2021</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bu.digication.com/counterculture/The_Fall_of_the_Counterculture/preview">"The Fall of the Counterculture : Preview"</a>. Bu.digication.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121025185503/https://bu.digication.com/counterculture/The_Fall_of_the_Counterculture/preview">Archived</a> from the original on October 25, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 30,</span> 2014</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hell's Angels and the Illusion of the Counterculture; Wood, John. September 30, 2003. The Journal of Popular Culture, Volume 3</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Haight-Ashbury: A History; Perry, Charles. 2005</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120730055548/http://pdr.autono.net/SonnyBarger.html">"Interview with Sonny Barger"</a>. Pdr.autono.net. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pdr.autono.net/SonnyBarger.html">the original</a> on July 30, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 18,</span> 2013</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Early Implementation of the Clean Air Act of 1970 in California". EPA Alumni Association. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.epaalumni.org/history/video/interview.cfm?id=38">Video</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200922200914/https://www.epaalumni.org/history/video/interview.cfm?id=38">Archived</a> September 22, 2020, at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.epaalumni.org/userdata/pdf/2B9E3C6816EC9466.pdf#page=14">Transcript</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190412020955/https://www.epaalumni.org/userdata/pdf/2B9E3C6816EC9466.pdf#page=14">Archived</a> April 12, 2019, at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (see p. 14). July 12, 2016.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-official_history-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-official_history_39-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-official_history_39-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080714043729/http://www.hells-angels.com/HISTORY.html">"History"</a>. Hells-angels.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hells-angels.com/HISTORY.html">the original</a> on July 14, 2008.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Gangs: A Journey into the heart of the British Underworld</i>, Tony Thompson, (2004) <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-340-83053-0</bdi></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Hells_Angels_movement-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hells_Angels_movement_41-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hells_Angels_movement_41-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1560229/Hells-Angels-movement.html">Hells Angels movement</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221115211111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1560229/Hells-Angels-movement.html">Archived</a> November 15, 2022, at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Paul Stokes, <i><a href="The_Daily_Telegraph" title="The Daily Telegraph">The Daily Telegraph</a></i> (August 14, 2007)</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Dulaney2005a-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Dulaney2005a_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFLindsey2005" class="citation news cs1">Lindsey, Tom (November 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ijms.nova.edu/November2005/IJMS_Artcl.Dulaney.html">"A Brief History of "Outlaw" Motorcycle Clubs"</a>. <i>International Journal of Motorcycle Studies</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101225160837/http://ijms.nova.edu/November2005/IJMS_Artcl.Dulaney.html">Archived</a> from the original on December 25, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 23,</span> 2009</span>. <q>The Life story caused something of a tumult around the country (Yates), and some authors have asserted that the AMA subsequently released a press statement disclaiming involvement in the Hollister event, stating that 99% of motorcyclists are good, decent, law-abiding citizens and that the AMA's ranks of motorcycle clubs were not involved in the debacle (e.g., Reynolds, Thompson). However, the American Motorcyclist Association has no record of ever releasing such a statement. Tom Lindsay, the AMA's Public Information Director, states 'We [the American Motorcyclist Association] acknowledge that the term 'one-percenter' has long been (and likely will continue to be) attributed to the American Motorcyclist Association, but we've been unable to attribute its original use to an AMA official or published statement—so it's apocryphal.'</q></cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESherMarsden2010263-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESherMarsden2010263_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSherMarsden2010">Sher & Marsden 2010</a>, p. 263.</span>

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<li id="cite_note-Look_Homeward_Angel-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Look_Homeward_Angel_44-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Look_Homeward_Angel_44-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Look_Homeward_Angel_44-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Look_Homeward_Angel_44-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Look_Homeward_Angel_44-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.phoenixnewtimes.com/news/look-homeward-angelcycle-icon-sonny-barger-kick-starts-life-as-a-free-man-by-violating-parole-6426227?showFullText=true">Look Homeward Angel: Cycle Icon Sonny Barger Kick-Starts Life As A Free Man By Violating Parole</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221113234152/https://www.phoenixnewtimes.com/news/look-homeward-angelcycle-icon-sonny-barger-kick-starts-life-as-a-free-man-by-violating-parole-6426227?showFullText=true">Archived</a> November 13, 2022, at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Philip Martin, <i><a href="Phoenix_New_Times" title="Phoenix New Times">Phoenix New Times</a></i> (December 2, 1992)</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFThompson2005" class="citation book cs1">Thompson, Tony (February 28, 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sUZdmDmu_78C&dq=Stephen+Cunningham+hells+angels+gangs+tony+thompson&pg=PT144"><i>Gangs: A Journey into the Heart of the British Underworld</i></a>. Hodder & Stoughton. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9780340830529</bdi>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230412072857/https://books.google.com/books?id=sUZdmDmu_78C&dq=Stephen%20Cunningham%20hells%20angels%20gangs%20tony%20thompson&pg=PT144">Archived</a> from the original on April 12, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 22,</span> 2022</span>. <q>As soon as he had recovered from the injuries sustained in the car-bombing, Cunningham was back on the Angels social circuit, attending rallies, parties and runs, and generally living the hedonistic biker life. Almost immediately the denim cut-off and leather jacket that bore his colours sported a new patch: two Nazi-style SS lightning bolts below the words 'Filthy Few'. According to the biography of legendary Hells Angel Ralph "Sonny" Barger, president of the Oakland charter, the Filthy Few patch is a piece of harmless fun. 'It means that someone is the first to arrive at a party and the last to leave', he says. In reality the patch is only awarded to Angels who have murdered on behalf of the club — usually in the presence of another member for corroboration — or who are prepared to commit a murder at a moment's notice.</q></cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-Story_Behind_The_Controversial_Hell’s_Angels-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Story_Behind_The_Controversial_Hell’s_Angels_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.heraldweekly.com/the-story-behind-the-controversial-hells-angels/2/?xcmg=1">The Story Behind The Controversial Hell’s Angels</a> Tammy Ziv, <i>The Herald Weekly</i> (October 4, 2022) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221115182736/https://www.heraldweekly.com/the-story-behind-the-controversial-hells-angels/2/?xcmg=1">Archived</a> November 15, 2022, at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-dequiallo-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-dequiallo_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.castanet.net/content/1125014255the.rtf">"Over view of the Hell's Angel's Motorcycle Club (HAMC) In Canada: Extracted from Expert Evidence In R. v. Bonner and Lindsay"</a>. <i>Castanet</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210709185326/https://www.castanet.net/content/1125014255the.rtf">Archived</a> from the original on July 9, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 25,</span> 2022</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Frank Reynolds, Michael McClure (1967). <i>Freewheelin Frank: Secretary of the Angels</i>, Grove Press, 1967, p. 73</span>

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<li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hopper, C. B., & Moore, J. (1990). "Women in outlaw motorcycle gangs". <i>Journal of Contemporary Ethnography</i>, 18(4), p. 385.</span>

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<li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2joMvwzikQAC"><i>Hell's Angels: Three Can Keep a Secret If Two Are Dead</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230412072857/https://books.google.com/books?id=2joMvwzikQAC">Archived</a> April 12, 2023, at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Yves Lavigne (1989)</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Outlaw_Motorcycle_Gangs-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Outlaw_Motorcycle_Gangs_51-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Outlaw_Motorcycle_Gangs_51-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Outlaw_Motorcycle_Gangs_51-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Outlaw_Motorcycle_Gangs_51-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Outlaw_Motorcycle_Gangs_51-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Outlaw_Motorcycle_Gangs_51-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Outlaw_Motorcycle_Gangs_51-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://info.publicintelligence.net/LA-OutlawBikers.pdf">Outlaw Motorcycle Gangs</a> Deputy John Williams, <a href="Los_Angeles_County_Sheriff's_Department" title="Los Angeles County Sheriff's Department">Los Angeles County Sheriff's Department</a> (2008) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211128070159/https://info.publicintelligence.net/LA-OutlawBikers.pdf">Archived</a> November 28, 2021, at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span>

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<li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8skBAAAAMBAJ&dq=when+in+doubt+knock+em+out+vinny&pg=PA28">Requiem for a Heavyweight</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230430040720/https://books.google.com/books?id=8skBAAAAMBAJ&dq=when%20in%20doubt%20knock%20em%20out%20vinny&pg=PA28">Archived</a> April 30, 2023, at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Martha Lagace, <i><a href="New_York_(magazine)" title="New York (magazine)">New York</a></i> (December 16, 1985)</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Hells_Angels_say_trademark_used_without_permission-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hells_Angels_say_trademark_used_without_permission_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1989-10-27-me-515-story.html">Hells Angels say trademark used without permission</a> Steve Harvey, <i><a href="Los_Angeles_Times" title="Los Angeles Times">Los Angeles Times</a></i> (October 27, 1989) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221124173255/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1989-10-27-me-515-story.html">Archived</a> November 24, 2022, at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Hells_Angels_sue-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hells_Angels_sue_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.upi.com/Archives/1989/10/26/Hells-Angels-sue-over-alleged-trademark-infringement/5943625377600/">Hells Angels sue over alleged trademark infringement</a> Dave McNary, <a href="United_Press_International" title="United Press International">United Press International</a> (October 26, 1989) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20221124172753/https://www.upi.com/Archives/1989/10/26/Hells-Angels-sue-over-alleged-trademark-infringement/5943625377600/">Archived</a> November 24, 2022, at <a href="Archive.today" title="Archive.today">archive.today</a></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-theglobeandmail2002-03-02-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-theglobeandmail2002-03-02_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFRay_Conlogue2002" class="citation news cs1">Ray Conlogue (March 2, 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theglobeandmail.com/arts/bilingual-on-bikes/article4132062/">"Bilingual on bikes"</a>. <i><a href="The_Globe_and_Mail" title="The Globe and Mail">The Globe and Mail</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201127134202/https://www.theglobeandmail.com/arts/bilingual-on-bikes/article4132062/">Archived</a> from the original on November 27, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 18,</span> 2020</span>. <q>If you're a TV show and the Hells Angels are considering a court injunction to stop you from being broadcast, then that's what you'll be famous for.</q></cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-lawsuit-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-lawsuit_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">'Litigation against movie release' <i>(March 8, 2006)</i> and they rule., <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.findlaw.com/wsj/docs/disney/hamcdisney30806cmp2.html">HAMC vs Walt Disney</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071119075808/http://news.findlaw.com/wsj/docs/disney/hamcdisney30806cmp2.html">Archived</a> November 19, 2007, at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110718155917/http://www.zimbio.com/Hells+Angels/articles/ZBpOOHdjluR/Hells+Angels+Motorcycle+Club+settled+disputes">"Hells Angels Motorcycle Club settled disputes the old-fashioned way, with a swift kick in the groin or a punch in the face to the offending party. – Hells Angels"</a>. Zimbio. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.zimbio.com/Hells+Angels/articles/ZBpOOHdjluR/Hells+Angels+Motorcycle+Club+settled+disputes">the original</a> on July 18, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 15,</span> 2011</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/caf87e7a-e153-11df-90b7-00144feabdc0.html?ftcamp=rss">"Companies / Personal Goods – Hells Angels sue luxury fashion house"</a>. <i>Financial Times</i>. October 27, 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101027185930/http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/caf87e7a-e153-11df-90b7-00144feabdc0.html?ftcamp=rss">Archived</a> from the original on October 27, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 15,</span> 2011</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Los_Santos_Forum-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Los_Santos_Forum_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFzzfritz,_Fritz_Clapp2009" class="citation web cs1">zzfritz, Fritz Clapp (October 7, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180720051804/https://forum.ls-rp.io/viewtopic.php?f=225&t=56006&start=15#p811330">"Re: Hell's Angels skinpack"</a>. FOFO Gaming. Archived from <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://forum.ls-rp.io/viewtopic.php?f=225&t=56006&start=15#p811330">the original</a></span> on July 20, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 7,</span> 2009</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Fritz_Clapp_Tweet-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Fritz_Clapp_Tweet_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFzzfritz,_Fritz_Clapp2009" class="citation web cs1">zzfritz, Fritz Clapp (October 7, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180720052117/http://images.mafiacrime.org/j/5477untitled-4.png">"Fritz Clapp Tweet"</a>. Twitter. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://images.mafiacrime.org/j/5477untitled-4.png">the original</a> on July 20, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 7,</span> 2009</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFElla_Alexander2010" class="citation web cs1">Ella Alexander (October 27, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101030145629/http://www.vogue.co.uk/news/daily/101027-hells-angels-sue-alexander-mcqueen.aspx">"Hells Angels sue Alexander McQueen"</a>. <i>Vogue</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vogue.co.uk/news/daily/101027-hells-angels-sue-alexander-mcqueen.aspx">the original</a> on October 30, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 15,</span> 2011</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/caf87e7a-e153-11df-90b7-00144feabdc0.html">"Companies / Personal Goods – Hells Angels sue luxury fashion house"</a>. <i>Financial Times</i>. October 27, 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101030023827/http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/caf87e7a-e153-11df-90b7-00144feabdc0.html">Archived</a> from the original on October 30, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 15,</span> 2011</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna39867980">"Hells Angels set for rumble on the catwalk - Business - Retail"</a>. NBC News. October 27, 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230828213600/https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna39867980">Archived</a> from the original on August 28, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 15,</span> 2011</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFJeffrey2010" class="citation news cs1">Jeffrey, Don (October 26, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2010-10-26/hells-angels-sue-saks-mcqueen-design-over-trademark-update1-.html">"Hells Angels Sue Saks, McQueen Design, Over Trademark"</a>. <i>Bloomberg.com</i>. Bloomberg. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101031002218/http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2010-10-26/hells-angels-sue-saks-mcqueen-design-over-trademark-update1-.html">Archived</a> from the original on October 31, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 15,</span> 2011</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.graziadaily.co.uk/fashion/archive/2010/11/04/mcqueen-settles-with-hell-s-angels.htm">"Grazia Fashion: McQueen Settles with Hells Angels"</a>. Graziadaily.co.uk. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101107075747/http://www.graziadaily.co.uk/fashion/archive/2010/11/04/mcqueen-settles-with-hell-s-angels.htm">Archived</a> from the original on November 7, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 15,</span> 2011</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFVerena_von_Pfetten2010" class="citation web cs1">Verena von Pfetten (November 3, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101106033150/http://www.styleite.com/media/mcqueen-hells-angels-settlement/">"Alexander McQueen – Hell's Angels – SETTLEMENT"</a>. Styleite. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.styleite.com/media/mcqueen-hells-angels-settlement/">the original</a> on November 6, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 15,</span> 2011</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFCowles2010" class="citation web cs1">Cowles, Charlotte (November 3, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nymag.com/daily/fashion/2010/11/alexander_mcqueen_settles_with.html">"Alexander McQueen Settles With Hells Angels by Agreeing to Destroy Merchandise With Skull Logo – The Cut"</a>. <i>New York</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101106003355/http://nymag.com/daily/fashion/2010/11/alexander_mcqueen_settles_with.html">Archived</a> from the original on November 6, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 15,</span> 2011</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/download/gov.uscourts.caed.245536/gov.uscourts.caed.245536.1.0.pdf">"Attorney for Plaintiff : HELLS ANGELS MOTORCYCLE CORPORATION"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 30,</span> 2014</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFWeller2013" class="citation journal cs1">Weller, Susan Neuberger (July 12, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.natlawreview.com/article/hells-angels-and-toys-r-us-settle-death-head-trademark-litigation">"Hells Angels and Toys "R" Us Settle "Death Head" Trademark Litigation"</a>. <i>The National Law Review</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131106151336/http://www.natlawreview.com/article/hells-angels-and-toys-r-us-settle-death-head-trademark-litigation">Archived</a> from the original on November 6, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 21,</span> 2013</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-ABA_Journal-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ABA_Journal_70-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFWeiss,_Debra_Cassens2013" class="citation web cs1">Weiss, Debra Cassens (December 3, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.abajournal.com/news/article/hells_angels_club_sues_often_to_protect_its_intellectual_property/">"Hells Angels club sues often to protect its intellectual property"</a>. <i>ABA Journal</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140104044540/http://www.abajournal.com/news/article/hells_angels_club_sues_often_to_protect_its_intellectual_property">Archived</a> from the original on January 4, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 30,</span> 2013</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFAston2021" class="citation news cs1">Aston, Joe (September 9, 2021). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.afr.com/rear-window/redbubble-s-hells-angels-woes-continue-20210909-p58qae">"Redbubble's Hells Angels woes continue"</a></span>. <i>Australian Financial Review</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210911041444/https://www.afr.com/rear-window/redbubble-s-hells-angels-woes-continue-20210909-p58qae">Archived</a> from the original on September 11, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 11,</span> 2021</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2022/jul/19/redbubble-ordered-to-pay-hells-angels-more-than-78000-for-using-logo-without-permission">Redbubble ordered to pay Hells Angels more than $78,000 for using logo without permission</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230129162508/https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2022/jul/19/redbubble-ordered-to-pay-hells-angels-more-than-78000-for-using-logo-without-permission">Archived</a> January 29, 2023, at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Josh Taylor, <i><a href="The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i> (July 19, 2022)</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFHall2005" class="citation news cs1">Hall, Neal (June 10, 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100303180935/http://www.canada.com/vancouversun/news/story.html?id=2e614f75-9caf-4865-a76b-7b54fbb46590">"Behind the Patch: Angels ABCs"</a>. <i><a href="The_Vancouver_Sun" class="mw-redirect" title="The Vancouver Sun">The Vancouver Sun</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.canada.com/vancouversun/news/story.html?id=2e614f75-9caf-4865-a76b-7b54fbb46590">the original</a> on March 3, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 13,</span> 2010</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFEdwards2018" class="citation web cs1">Edwards, Peter (June 27, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230701052227/https://www.thestar.com/business/2018/06/27/outlaw-bikers-say-theyre-loyal-to-harley-davidson-even-as-trumps-trade-policies-push-the-company-to-look-overseas.html">"Outlaw bikers say they're loyal to Harley-Davidson, even as Trump's trade policies push the company to look overseas"</a>. <i><a href="Toronto_Star" title="Toronto Star">Toronto Star</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thestar.com/business/2018/06/27/outlaw-bikers-say-theyre-loyal-to-harley-davidson-even-as-trumps-trade-policies-push-the-company-to-look-overseas.html">the original</a> on July 1, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 1,</span> 2023</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-membership-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-membership_75-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">NDIC Document, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cryptome.wikileaks.org/gangs/hells.pdf">US Department of Justice Report on OMG HA</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211121162336/http://cryptome.wikileaks.org/gangs/hells.pdf">Archived</a> November 21, 2021, at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-bbcbarger-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bbcbarger_76-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bbcbarger_76-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bbcbarger_76-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/873831.stm">"Born to raise Hell"</a>. <a href="BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a>. August 14, 2000. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090407082841/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/873831.stm">Archived</a> from the original on April 7, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 1,</span> 2013</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>A Wayward Angel: The Full Story of the Hells Angels</i> by George Wethern and Vincent Colnett</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-i382-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-i382_78-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFSherMarsden2003" class="citation book cs1">Sher, Julian; Marsden, William (2003). <i>The Road to Hell: How the Biker Gangs are Conquering Canada</i>. Knopf Canada. p. 113. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-676-97598-4</bdi>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>A Wayward Angel: The Full Story of the Hells Angels</i> by George Wethern and Vincent Colnett</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Company1966-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Company1966_80-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFJohnson_Publishing_Company1966" class="citation magazine cs1">Johnson Publishing Company (December 1966). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_5q3AoSbTGAC&pg=PA70">"Nazi Emblems of 'Way Outs' Are No Symbols of Hate"</a>. <i><a href="Ebony_(magazine)" title="Ebony (magazine)">Ebony</a></i>. p. 70. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0012-9011">0012-9011</a>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">2003 Soul on Bikes: The East Bay Dragons MC and Black Biker Set, Tobie Gene Levingston, with Keith and Kent Zimmerman (St. Paul, MN: Motorbikes International Publishing). The history of the Oakland-based African-American Motorcycle Club with a foreword from Sonny Barger.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFWright2012" class="citation web cs1">Wright, Gary L. (June 8, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.journalnow.com/news/local/article_582d987b-07ff-54bf-95ac-ee4b0b95c93e.html?mode=jqm">"FBI leads crackdown on area Hells Angels gangs in N.C. and S.C."</a> <i><a href="Winston-Salem_Journal" title="Winston-Salem Journal">Winston-Salem Journal</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170619083719/http://www.journalnow.com/news/local/article_582d987b-07ff-54bf-95ac-ee4b0b95c93e.html?mode=jqm">Archived</a> from the original on June 19, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 18,</span> 2013</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-pdr.autono.net-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pdr.autono.net_83-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pdr.autono.net_83-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120730055548/http://pdr.autono.net/SonnyBarger.html">"Sonny Barger Interview"</a>. Let Them Talk. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pdr.autono.net/SonnyBarger.html">the original</a> on July 30, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 18,</span> 2013</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFLevingstonZimmerman2003" class="citation book cs1">Levingston, Tobie Gene; Zimmerman, Keith (2003). <i>Soul on Bikes: Tobie Levingston: 9780760317471: Amazon.com: Books</i>. MBI Publishing Company. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>076031747X</bdi>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Company1966b-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Company1966b_85-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Company1966b_85-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFJohnson_Publishing_Company1966" class="citation magazine cs1">Johnson Publishing Company (December 1966). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_5q3AoSbTGAC&pg=PA66">"Nazi Emblems of 'Way Outs' Are No Symbols of Hate"</a>. <i><a href="Ebony_(magazine)" title="Ebony (magazine)">Ebony</a></i>. p. 66. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0012-9011">0012-9011</a>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130525154115/http://www.chosenfewbuffalony.com/">"Chosen Few Motorcycle Club - Buffalo, NY"</a>. Chosenfewbuffalony.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chosenfewbuffalony.com/">the original</a> on May 25, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 18,</span> 2013</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-:1-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_87-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_87-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFThompson1967" class="citation book cs1"><a href="Hunter_S._Thompson" title="Hunter S. Thompson">Thompson, Hunter S.</a> (1967). <i><a href="Hell's_Angels%3A_The_Strange_and_Terrible_Saga_of_the_Outlaw_Motorcycle_Gangs" class="mw-redirect" title="Hell's Angels: The Strange and Terrible Saga of the Outlaw Motorcycle Gangs">Hell's Angels: The Strange and Terrible Saga of the Outlaw Motorcycle Gangs</a></i>. <a href="Random_House" title="Random House">Random House</a>. p. 160. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-345-28908-7</bdi>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFColemanSwenson1994" class="citation book cs1">Coleman, Howard; Swenson, Eric (1994). <i>DNA in the Courtroom: A Trial Watcher's Guide</i>. GeneLex. pp. <span class="nowrap">8–</span>9. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-9644507-0-7</bdi>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite><i>United States v. Bonds, Verdi and Yee</i></cite>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://law.resource.org/pub/us/case/reporter/F3/012/12.F3d.540.91-3610.91-3609.91-3608.html">12 F.3d 540</a>, 8 (6th Cir. 1993) ("They had found Yee to be of Chinese ancestry"), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211109043951/https://law.resource.org/pub/us/case/reporter/F3/012/12.F3d.540.91-3610.91-3609.91-3608.html">archived</a> from the original.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Overview-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Overview_90-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Overview_90-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/Digitization/147691NCJRS.pdf">Outlaw Motorcycle Gangs USA Overview</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221104124220/https://www.ojp.gov/pdffiles1/Digitization/147691NCJRS.pdf">Archived</a> November 4, 2022, at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <a href="National_Institute_of_Justice" title="National Institute of Justice">National Institute of Justice</a> (1991) <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220123220851/https://www.ojp.gov/pdffiles1/Digitization/147691NCJRS.pdf">"Archived copy"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from the original on January 23, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 25,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{cite web}}</code>: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)</span></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFThompson2005" class="citation book cs1">Thompson, Tony (February 28, 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sUZdmDmu_78C&dq=Stephen+Cunningham+hells+angels+gangs+tony+thompson&pg=PT144"><i>Gangs: A Journey into the Heart of the British Underworld</i></a>. Hodder & Stoughton. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9780340830529</bdi>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230828213600/https://books.google.com/books?id=sUZdmDmu_78C&dq=Stephen+Cunningham+hells+angels+gangs+tony+thompson&pg=PT144">Archived</a> from the original on August 28, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 22,</span> 2022</span>. <q>In 1980 a group of Angels ambushed members of the 'bootleg' Windsor chapter and shot its leader, Richard Sharman, in the head three times. Miraculously, he survived. The attack had come about because, despite dressing themselves in close copies of the official Hells Angels colours, the Windsor chapter had never applied for an official chapter. Started up by local rockers, they were only accepted into the official fold in 1985 shortly after one of the members, John Mikkelsen, died in police custody. The fact that Mikkelsen was black — an official Angels taboo — had played a significant part in club failing to be sanctioned earlier.</q></cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFEric_Thibault2012" class="citation web cs1">Eric Thibault (August 16, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130107082230/http://www.sunnewsnetwork.ca/sunnews/canada/archives/2012/08/20120816-121421.html">"Sun News : Dead gang leader rebuffed top biker prior to assassination: Source"</a>. Sunnewsnetwork.ca. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sunnewsnetwork.ca/sunnews/canada/archives/2012/08/20120816-121421.html">the original</a> on January 7, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 18,</span> 2013</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://globalnews.ca/news/276626/montreal-police-try-to-calm-mafia-war-fears-after-multiple-killings/">"Montreal police try to calm mafia war fears after multiple killings"</a>. <i>Global News</i>. Global Montreal. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130323045622/http://www.globalmontreal.com/montreal%2Bpolice%2Btry%2Bto%2Bcalm%2Bmafia%2Bwar%2Bfears%2Bafter%2Bmultiple%2Bkillings/6442697790/story.html">Archived</a> from the original on March 23, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 18,</span> 2013</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFGiuseppe_Valiante" class="citation web cs1">Giuseppe Valiante. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121103205534/http://www.sunnewsnetwork.ca/sunnews/canada/archives/2012/11/20121102-181330.html">"Sun News : Bust shows connections in criminal underworld in Canada"</a>. Sunnewsnetwork.ca. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sunnewsnetwork.ca/sunnews/canada/archives/2012/11/20121102-181330.html">the original</a> on November 3, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 18,</span> 2013</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarker200753-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarker200753_95-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBarker2007">Barker 2007</a>, p. 53.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-r557-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-r557_96-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFDobyns2018" class="citation book cs1">Dobyns, J. (2018). <i>Catching Hell: A True Story of Abandonment and Betrayal</i>. Fofig. p. 44. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-692-12502-1</bdi>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESherMarsden2006318-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESherMarsden2006318_97-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSherMarsden2006">Sher & Marsden 2006</a>, p. 318.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-NW_Clubhouse-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NW_Clubhouse_98-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.seattletimes.com/archive/?date=19940523&slug=1912018">Police Say Hells Angels Establishing Its First NW Clubhouse In Spokane</a> <i><a href="The_Seattle_Times" title="The Seattle Times">The Seattle Times</a></i> (May 23, 1994) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230904233850/https://archive.seattletimes.com/archive/?date=19940523&slug=1912018">Archived</a> September 4, 2023, at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Organized_Crime_in_America-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Organized_Crime_in_America_99-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFUnited_States_Senate_Committee_on_the_Judiciary1993" class="citation book cs1">United States Senate Committee on the Judiciary (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=12hHAwjxXgYC&dq=hells+angels+east+of+omaha&pg=PA421"><i>Organized Crime in America: Hearings Before the Committee on the Judiciary</i></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240227091943/https://books.google.com/books?id=12hHAwjxXgYC&dq=hells+angels+east+of+omaha&pg=PA421">Archived</a> from the original on February 27, 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 30,</span> 2023</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amny.com/news/hells-angels-ex-clubhouse-now-a-hot-property/">Hells Angels ex-clubhouse now a hot property</a> Mary Reinholz, <i><a href="AM_New_York_Metro" class="mw-redirect" title="AM New York Metro">AM New York Metro</a></i> (March 26, 2019) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211003175333/https://www.amny.com/news/hells-angels-ex-clubhouse-now-a-hot-property/">Archived</a> October 3, 2021, at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span>

</li>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.beatlesbible.com/gallery/george-harrison/681204_george-harrison-hells-angels-memo-apple/">"George Harrison's memo to Apple staff about the Hell's Angels, 4 December 1968"</a>. Beatlesbible.com. December 4, 1968. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140221233158/http://www.beatlesbible.com/gallery/george-harrison/681204_george-harrison-hells-angels-memo-apple/">Archived</a> from the original on February 21, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 6,</span> 2013</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pg. 129, Rock Scully, David Dalton, "Living with the Dead: Twenty Years on the Bus with Garcia and the Grateful Dead", Cooper Square Publ Inc, 2001 <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-8154-1163-5</bdi></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFChris_O'Dell2009" class="citation book cs1">Chris O'Dell (October 6, 2009). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/missodellmyhardd00odel"><i>Miss O'Dell: My Hard Days and Long Nights with The Beatles, The Stones, Bob Dylan, Eric Clapton, and the Women They Loved</i></a></span>. Simon and Schuster. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/missodellmyhardd00odel/page/68">68</a>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1416590934</bdi>. <q>george harrison hell's angels.</q></cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090509075008/http://www.hellsangelslondon.com/history.php">"Hells Angels MC London History"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hellsangelslondon.com/history.php">the original</a> on May 9, 2009.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-How_the_Hells_Angels_Conquered_Canada-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-How_the_Hells_Angels_Conquered_Canada_106-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vice.com/en/article/how-the-hells-angels-conquered-canada/">How the Hells Angels Conquered Canada</a> Patrick Lejtenyi, <i><a href="Vice_(magazine)" title="Vice (magazine)">Vice</a></i> (October 27, 2016) <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.vice.com/en/article/how-the-hells-angels-conquered-canada/">[1]</a></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/biker-gangs-in-canada-1.775978">"Biker gangs in Canada"</a>. Cbc.ca. July 13, 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140429204913/http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/biker-gangs-in-canada-1.775978">Archived</a> from the original on April 29, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 30,</span> 2014</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090208094237/http://www.yorku.ca/nathanson/CurrentEvents/2002_Q1.htm">"Organized Crime in Canada: A Quarterly Summary"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.yorku.ca/nathanson/CurrentEvents/2002_Q1.htm">the original</a> on February 8, 2009.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.abc.es/local-alicante/20140114/abci-condenados-nueve-motoristas-angeles-201401141805.html">"Condenados nueve motoristas de los "Ángeles del Infierno" a 67 años de prisión"</a>. <i>abc</i> (in Spanish). January 14, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 26,</span> 2019</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150109120634/http://affa.hells-angels.com/charters/">"Hells Angels MC World"</a>. Hells-angels.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://affa.hells-angels.com/charters/">the original</a> on January 9, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 15,</span> 2011</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Barker1-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Barker1_111-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Barker1_111-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFBarker2005" class="citation cs2">Barker, Tom (September 2005), "One Percent Biker Clubs -- A Description", <i>Trends in Organized Crime</i>, vol. 9, no. 1, Springer New York, pp. <span class="nowrap">101–</span>112, <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs12117-005-1005-0">10.1007/s12117-005-1005-0</a>, <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1084-4791">1084-4791</a>, <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144003167">144003167</a>, <q>Puppet Clubs. In addition to the Big 5 and the Independent clubs there are also "puppet" clubs that do the bidding of the larger clubs, act as potential recruiting sources, serve as cannon fodder in the wars between clubs, and give a portion of their illegal gains to the larger club. The Red Devils MC is well known as a puppet club for the HAMC as are the Black Pistons MC as a puppet club for the Outlaws. The Outlaw Nation and the Bandido Nation list their puppet clubs on their national websites.</q></cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFThe_Vancouver_Sun2006" class="citation cs2">The Vancouver Sun (May 28, 2006), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080419005056/http://www.canada.com/vancouversun/story.html?id=5a89ce62-1cb9-40a6-88c5-34acb71cfec6&k=73400">"Police fear club linked to Hells Angels"</a>, <i><a href="The_Vancouver_Sun" class="mw-redirect" title="The Vancouver Sun">The Vancouver Sun</a></i>, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.canada.com/vancouversun/story.html?id=5a89ce62-1cb9-40a6-88c5-34acb71cfec6&k=73400">the original</a> on April 19, 2008</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-How_the_Hells_Angels_maintain_their_influence-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-How_the_Hells_Angels_maintain_their_influence_113-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-How_the_Hells_Angels_maintain_their_influence_113-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-How_the_Hells_Angels_maintain_their_influence_113-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/thunder-bay/thunder-bay-biker-gangs-1.6506885">How the Hells Angels maintain their influence without a chapter in cities like Thunder Bay</a> Chris Ketonen, <a href="Canadian_Broadcasting_Corporation" title="Canadian Broadcasting Corporation">Canadian Broadcasting Corporation</a> (July 4, 2022) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220704093330/https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/thunder-bay/thunder-bay-biker-gangs-1.6506885">Archived</a> July 4, 2022, at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Show_them_the_money-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Show_them_the_money_114-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Show_them_the_money_114-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Show_them_the_money_114-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lfpress.com/news/local-news/hells-angels-moving-to-more-mafia-like-organization-as-profit-trumps-biker-lifestyle">Show them the money: Profit, contacts trump biker lifestyle as Hells Angels evolve</a> Dale Carruthers, <i><a href="The_London_Free_Press" title="The London Free Press">The London Free Press</a></i> (June 6, 2024) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240609053304/https://lfpress.com/news/local-news/hells-angels-moving-to-more-mafia-like-organization-as-profit-trumps-biker-lifestyle">Archived</a> June 9, 2024, at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Aspects-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Aspects_115-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4100862/">Outlaw Motorcycle Gangs: Aspects of the One-Percenter Culture for Emergency Department Personnel to Consider</a> Anand N. Bosmia, James F. Quinn, Todd B. Peterson, Christoph J. Griessenauer, and R. Shane Tubbs, <a href="United_States_National_Library_of_Medicine" title="United States National Library of Medicine">United States National Library of Medicine</a> (July 15, 2014) <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4100862/">[2]</a></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Preventing_organised_crime-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Preventing_organised_crime_116-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Preventing_organised_crime_116-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Preventing_organised_crime_116-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12117-017-9322-7">Preventing organised crime originating from outlaw motorcycle clubs</a> Tore Bjørgo, <a href="Springer_Science%2BBusiness_Media" title="Springer Science+Business Media">Springer Science+Business Media</a> (October 30, 2017) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180614192556/https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12117-017-9322-7">Archived</a> June 14, 2018, at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Emergence_of_Canada's_Red_Devils-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Emergence_of_Canada's_Red_Devils_117-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vice.com/en/article/emergence-of-canadian-red-devils-signals-hells-angels-resurgence-in-quebec-901/">The Emergence of Canada's Red Devils Motorcycle Gang Signals a Hells Angels Resurgence in Quebec</a> Remi L. Roy, <i><a href="Vice_(magazine)" title="Vice (magazine)">Vice</a></i> (May 13, 2015) <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.vice.com/en/article/emergence-of-canadian-red-devils-signals-hells-angels-resurgence-in-quebec-901/">[3]</a></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Nova_Scotia_police-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Nova_Scotia_police_118-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/nova-scotia/police-hells-angels-biker-gangs-outlaws-crime-1.5924387">Nova Scotia police troubled as Outlaws biker gang moves into Hells Angels turf</a> David Burke, <a href="Canadian_Broadcasting_Corporation" title="Canadian Broadcasting Corporation">Canadian Broadcasting Corporation</a> (March 2, 2021) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210302175252/https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/nova-scotia/police-hells-angels-biker-gangs-outlaws-crime-1.5924387">Archived</a> March 2, 2021, at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Biker_gang's_patch-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Biker_gang's_patch_119-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://montrealgazette.com/news/local-news/man-tied-to-hells-angels-on-trial-for-alleged-extortion-in-cote-des-neiges">Biker gang's patch used in alleged extortion attempt, Montreal court told</a> Paul Cherry, <i><a href="The_Gazette_(Montreal)" title="The Gazette (Montreal)">The Gazette</a></i> (May 3, 2023) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20240910024208/https://montrealgazette.com/news/local-news/man-tied-to-hells-angels-on-trial-for-alleged-extortion-in-cote-des-neiges#selection-2183.0-2186.0">Archived</a> September 10, 2024, at <a href="Archive.today" title="Archive.today">archive.today</a></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams2010" class="citation web cs1">Williams, John (May 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://info.publicintelligence.net/LA-OutlawBikers.pdf">"Outlaw Motorcycle Gangs"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>publicintelligence.net</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211128070159/https://info.publicintelligence.net/LA-OutlawBikers.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on November 28, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 15,</span> 2022</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFGrzegorek" class="citation web cs1">Grzegorek, Vince. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.clevescene.com/cleveland/red-all-over-a-former-cleveland-hells-angel-and-confidential-informants-path-from-destruction-to-redemption-and-back/Content?oid=3674079">"The Last Ride of a Cleveland Hells Angel Informant"</a>. <i>Cleveland Scene</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210805003419/https://www.clevescene.com/cleveland/red-all-over-a-former-cleveland-hells-angel-and-confidential-informants-path-from-destruction-to-redemption-and-back/Content?oid=3674079">Archived</a> from the original on August 5, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 17,</span> 2021</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFLangton2009" class="citation book cs1">Langton, Jerry (December 17, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vG4bfGwXZNIC&q=Donald+Picard+hells+angels&pg=PT42"><i>Fallen Angel: The Unlikely Rise of Walter Stadnick and the Canadian Hells Angels</i></a>. John Wiley & Sons. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9780470739945</bdi>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230828213601/https://books.google.com/books?id=vG4bfGwXZNIC&q=Donald+Picard+hells+angels&pg=PT42">Archived</a> from the original on August 28, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 18,</span> 2021</span> – via Google Books.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Angels_think_they_get_an_unfair_rap-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Angels_think_they_get_an_unfair_rap_123-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/article/democrat-and-chronicle/83302702/">Angels think they get an unfair rap from police, society</a> Richard Zitrin and Sherry Jacobson, <i><a href="Democrat_and_Chronicle" title="Democrat and Chronicle">Democrat and Chronicle</a></i> (August 23, 1980) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240907200807/https://www.newspapers.com/article/democrat-and-chronicle/83302702/">Archived</a> September 7, 2024, at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Spießer_ärgern,_saufen,_randalieren-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Spießer_ärgern,_saufen,_randalieren_124-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.zeit.de/hamburg/2014-05/rocker-szene-hamburg/seite-2">Rocker in Hamburg: Spießer ärgern, saufen, randalieren</a> <i><a href="Die_Zeit" title="Die Zeit">Die Zeit</a></i> (June 19, 2014) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140623151636/https://www.zeit.de/hamburg/2014-05/rocker-szene-hamburg/seite-2">Archived</a> June 23, 2014, at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Carolinas_Clubs_(Continued_from_1A)-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Carolinas_Clubs_(Continued_from_1A)_125-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Carolinas_Clubs_(Continued_from_1A)_125-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Carolinas_Clubs_(Continued_from_1A)_125-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Carolinas_Clubs_(Continued_from_1A)_125-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-charlotte-observer/146093298/">Carolinas Clubs Run On Drugs, Sex, Death (Continued from Page 1A)</a> Robin Clark and Tex O'Neill, <i><a href="The_Charlotte_Observer" title="The Charlotte Observer">The Charlotte Observer</a></i> (August 16, 1981) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240907022340/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-charlotte-observer/146093298/">Archived</a> September 7, 2024, at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFWriter2006" class="citation web cs1">Writer, ELIZABETH HAMILTON; Courant Staff (April 9, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.courant.com/news/connecticut/hc-xpm-2006-04-09-0604090711-story.html">"BIKERS MOBILIZE FOR A GOODBYE"</a>. <i>courant.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210707235100/https://www.courant.com/news/connecticut/hc-xpm-2006-04-09-0604090711-story.html">Archived</a> from the original on July 7, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 19,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{cite web}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)</span></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://onepercenterbikers.com/popeyes-mc-motorcycle-club/">"Popeyes MC (Motorcycle Club)"</a>. <i>One Percenter Bikers</i>. September 30, 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201018031650/https://onepercenterbikers.com/popeyes-mc-motorcycle-club/">Archived</a> from the original on October 18, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 17,</span> 2021</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Haunted_biker-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Haunted_biker_128-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.syfy.com/paranormal-witness/season-5/blogs/the-origins-of-paranormal-witness-haunted-outlaw-biker">The origins of Paranormal Witness' haunted outlaw biker</a> Bryan Enk, <a href="Syfy" title="Syfy">Syfy</a> (September 21, 2016) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20221129005648/https://www.syfy.com/paranormal-witness/season-5/blogs/the-origins-of-paranormal-witness-haunted-outlaw-biker">Archived</a> November 29, 2022, at <a href="Archive.today" title="Archive.today">archive.today</a></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-HAMC_in_the_Low_Countries-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-HAMC_in_the_Low_Countries_129-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HAMC_in_the_Low_Countries_129-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFBurgwal2012" class="citation book cs1">Burgwal, Leo (September 1, 2012). <i>Hells Angels in de Lage Landen</i>. Just Publishers & Panorama. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9789089752109</bdi>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFKragh2017" class="citation book cs1">Kragh, Ambro (April 10, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Cq5jDgAAQBAJ&q=hells+angels+copenhagen+1980+unionen&pg=PT57"><i>Englenes gerninger</i></a>. Gyldendal A/S. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9788702226904</bdi>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230828213701/https://books.google.com/books?id=Cq5jDgAAQBAJ&q=hells+angels+copenhagen+1980+unionen&pg=PT57">Archived</a> from the original on August 28, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 18,</span> 2021</span> – via Google Books.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sevilla.abc.es/andalucia/malaga/sevi-detenidos-tres-angeles-infierno-marbella-operacion-internacional-contra-trafico-drogas-202110101222_noticia.html">"Detenidos tres ángeles del infierno en Marbella en una operación internacional contra el tráfico de drogas"</a>. October 10, 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230307143824/https://sevilla.abc.es/andalucia/malaga/sevi-detenidos-tres-angeles-infierno-marbella-operacion-internacional-contra-trafico-drogas-202110101222_noticia.html">Archived</a> from the original on March 7, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 21,</span> 2022</span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-Secrets_of_the_Hells_Angels_6-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Secrets_of_the_Hells_Angels_6_132-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation episode cs1">"Midwest Meth Madness". <i>Secrets of the Hells Angels</i>. Season 1. Episode 6. May 18, 2024. <a href="A%26E_(TV_network)" title="A&E (TV network)">A&E</a>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-133"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://newspaperarchive.com/las-vegas-sun-jan-16-1977-p-2/">"Las Vegas Sun Newspaper Archives, Jan 16, 1977, p. 2"</a>. <i>NewspaperArchive.com</i>. January 16, 1977. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220504213910/https://newspaperarchive.com/las-vegas-sun-jan-16-1977-p-2/">Archived</a> from the original on May 4, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 17,</span> 2021</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-134"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://vancouversun.com/news/crime/hells-angels-still-expanding-after-35-years-in-b-c">"Hells Angels still expanding after 35 years in B.C."</a> <i>vancouversun</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210801181448/https://vancouversun.com/news/crime/hells-angels-still-expanding-after-35-years-in-b-c">Archived</a> from the original on August 1, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 17,</span> 2021</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-135"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.eltonyoga.com/blog/murder-of-the-birth-father/">"Satan's Angels: The Ugly Club | Heather Elton's Blog"</a>. May 1, 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210817044525/https://www.eltonyoga.com/blog/murder-of-the-birth-father/">Archived</a> from the original on August 17, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 17,</span> 2021</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-136"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://montrealgazette.com/news/local-news/man-on-trial-for-double-murder-in-n-d-g-is-nephew-of-one-of-quebecs-most-wanted-criminals">"Man on trial for double murder in N.D.G. reveals tie to one Quebec's most wanted criminals"</a>. <i>montrealgazette</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211021211023/https://montrealgazette.com/news/local-news/man-on-trial-for-double-murder-in-n-d-g-is-nephew-of-one-of-quebecs-most-wanted-criminals">Archived</a> from the original on October 21, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 17,</span> 2021</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Le_chapitre_de_Sherbrooke-137"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Le_chapitre_de_Sherbrooke_137-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lenouvelliste.ca/2020/12/21/le-chapitre-de-sherbrooke-de-retour-sur-le-terrain-d73daa3236a497e18d69e81c39ebb726/">Le chapitre de Sherbrooke de retour sur le terrain</a> René-Charles Quirion, <i><a href="Le_Nouvelliste_(Quebec)" title="Le Nouvelliste (Quebec)">Le Nouvelliste</a></i> (December 20, 2020) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211109193042/https://www.lenouvelliste.ca/2020/12/21/le-chapitre-de-sherbrooke-de-retour-sur-le-terrain-d73daa3236a497e18d69e81c39ebb726/">Archived</a> November 9, 2021, at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-138"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFSchwederski" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Schwederski, KHK Frank. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gdp.de/gdp/gdpber.nsf/id/DE_FA-Krimbek/$file/Vortrag%20Rocker%20GdP.pdf">"Outlaw Motorcycle Gangs"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>gdp.de</i> (in German). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221027082622/https://www.gdp.de/gdp/gdpber.nsf/id/DE_FA-Krimbek/%24file/Vortrag%20Rocker%20GdP.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on October 27, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 15,</span> 2022</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECherry2006402-139"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECherry2006402_139-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCherry2006">Cherry 2006</a>, p. 402.</span>

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<li id="cite_note-140"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFGottschalk2009" class="citation book cs1">Gottschalk, Petter (August 19, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WjVREw9qnjoC&q=bandidos+oslo+february+1995&pg=PA172"><i>Knowledge Management in Policing: Enforcing Law on Criminal Business Enterprises</i></a>. Hindawi Publishing Corporation. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9789774540783</bdi>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230828213607/https://books.google.com/books?id=WjVREw9qnjoC&q=bandidos+oslo+february+1995&pg=PA172">Archived</a> from the original on August 28, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 18,</span> 2021</span> – via Google Books.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-141"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.adressa.no/nyheter/article128775.ece">"HA-veteran døde i mc-ulykke"</a>. <i>adressa.no</i>. May 15, 2002. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211009174526/https://www.adressa.no/nyheter/article128775.ece">Archived</a> from the original on October 9, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 17,</span> 2021</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Gammel_rockerborg_til_salg-142"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gammel_rockerborg_til_salg_142-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jyllands-posten.dk/jpaarhus/ECE4453639/Gammel-rockerborg-til-salg/">Gammel rockerborg til salg</a> <i><a href="Jyllands-Posten" title="Jyllands-Posten">Jyllands-Posten</a></i> (August 23, 2000) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240907221519/https://jyllands-posten.dk/jpaarhus/ECE4453639/Gammel-rockerborg-til-salg/">Archived</a> September 7, 2024, at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-143"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.expressen.se/kvallsposten/hells-angels-utokar-sin-narvaro-i-sverige/">"Hells Angels nya avdelning i Sverige – här är den"</a>. <i>www.expressen.se</i>. May 12, 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211014131029/https://www.expressen.se/kvallsposten/hells-angels-utokar-sin-narvaro-i-sverige/">Archived</a> from the original on October 14, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 17,</span> 2021</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-144"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nwitimes.com/uncategorized/hells-angels-motorcycle-gang-expands-territory-in-illinois/article_7993999a-e66b-5bf9-b74c-1722fb76f279.html">Hell's Angels motorcycle gang expands territory in Illinois</a> Mark Kiesling, <i><a href="The_Times_of_Northwest_Indiana" title="The Times of Northwest Indiana">The Times of Northwest Indiana</a></i> (December 13, 1994) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20221101204903/https://www.nwitimes.com/uncategorized/hells-angels-motorcycle-gang-expands-territory-in-illinois/article_7993999a-e66b-5bf9-b74c-1722fb76f279.html">Archived</a> November 1, 2022, at <a href="Archive.today" title="Archive.today">archive.today</a></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Jengiläisten_riidat_toivat_Bandidosin_Suomeen_1990-luvulla-145"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Jengiläisten_riidat_toivat_Bandidosin_Suomeen_1990-luvulla_145-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mtvuutiset.fi/artikkeli/jengilaisten-riidat-toivat-bandidosin-suomeen-1990-luvulla/5080628">Jengiläisten riidat toivat Bandidosin Suomeen 1990-luvulla</a> <a href="MTV_Uutiset" class="mw-redirect" title="MTV Uutiset">MTV Uutiset</a> (May 12, 2015) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201112002943/https://www.mtvuutiset.fi/artikkeli/jengilaisten-riidat-toivat-bandidosin-suomeen-1990-luvulla/5080628">Archived</a> November 12, 2020, at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Politi_advarer-146"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Politi_advarer_146-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fyens.dk/middelfart/politi-advarer-rockere-hverver-unge-paa-vestfyn">Politi advarer: Rockere hverver unge på Vestfyn</a> Jesper Gimbel, <i><a href="Fyens" class="mw-redirect" title="Fyens">Fyens</a></i> (October 26, 2001) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240907203250/https://fyens.dk/middelfart/politi-advarer-rockere-hverver-unge-paa-vestfyn">Archived</a> September 7, 2024, at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Hells_angels_på_nyborgvej-147"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hells_angels_på_nyborgvej_147-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fyens.dk/odense/hells-angels-paa-nyborgvej">Hells angels på nyborgvej</a> <i><a href="Fyens" class="mw-redirect" title="Fyens">Fyens</a></i> (May 11, 2006) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240928232259/https://fyens.dk/odense/hells-angels-paa-nyborgvej">Archived</a> 2024-09-28 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Ruler_i_Sør-Rogaland-148"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ruler_i_Sør-Rogaland_148-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aftenbladet.no/lokalt/i/0rVb0/laquorulerraquo-i-soer-rogaland">Ruler i Sør-Rogaland</a> <i><a href="Stavanger_Aftenblad" title="Stavanger Aftenblad">Stavanger Aftenblad</a></i> (October 16, 2007) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240907222856/https://www.aftenbladet.no/lokalt/i/0rVb0/laquorulerraquo-i-soer-rogaland">Archived</a> September 7, 2024, at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Sweden's_Courteous_Police-149"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sweden's_Courteous_Police_149-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1997/03/03/world/sweden-s-courteous-police-spoil-a-hell-s-angels-clubhouse-party.html">Sweden's Courteous Police Spoil A Hell's Angels Clubhouse Party</a> Youssef M. Ibrahim, <i><a href="The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i> (March 3, 1997) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211024190934/https://www.nytimes.com/1997/03/03/world/sweden-s-courteous-police-spoil-a-hell-s-angels-clubhouse-party.html">Archived</a> October 24, 2021, at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Police_Out_En_Masse_During_Hell's_Angels_Gathering_in_Sweden-150"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Police_Out_En_Masse_During_Hell's_Angels_Gathering_in_Sweden_150-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.csmonitor.com/1997/0304/030497.intl.intl.3.html">Police Out En Masse During Hell's Angels Gathering in Sweden</a> Martha Andersson, <i><a href="The_Christian_Science_Monitor" title="The Christian Science Monitor">The Christian Science Monitor</a></i> (March 4, 1997) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150907004657/https://www.csmonitor.com/1997/0304/030497.intl.intl.3.html">Archived</a> September 7, 2015, at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Bandidos_–_nummer_två_bland_mc-gängen-151"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bandidos_–_nummer_två_bland_mc-gängen_151-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bandidos_–_nummer_två_bland_mc-gängen_151-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blog.zaramis.se/2010/04/27/bandidos-nummer-tva-bland-mc-gangen/">Bandidos – nummer två bland mc-gängen</a> Andres S, <i>Zaramis</i> (April 27, 2010) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121227010203/https://blog.zaramis.se/2010/04/27/bandidos-nummer-tva-bland-mc-gangen/">Archived</a> December 27, 2012, at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-auto1-152"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto1_152-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto1_152-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110201032756/http://ca.wiley.com/WileyCDA/WileyTitle/productCd-0470837101.html">"Wiley::Fallen Angel: The Unlikely Rise of Walter Stadnick and the Canadian Hells Angels"</a>. February 1, 2011. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ca.wiley.com/WileyCDA/WileyTitle/productCd-0470837101.html">the original</a> on February 1, 2011.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-153"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFLemons" class="citation web cs1">Lemons, Stephen. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.phoenixnewtimes.com/news/chico-mora-led-the-dirty-dozen-into-the-hells-angels-camp-claiming-arizona-for-the-red-and-white-7438397">"Chico Mora Led the Dirty Dozen Into the Hells Angels' Camp, Claiming Arizona for the Red and White"</a>. <i>Phoenix New Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220707221047/https://www.phoenixnewtimes.com/news/chico-mora-led-the-dirty-dozen-into-the-hells-angels-camp-claiming-arizona-for-the-red-and-white-7438397">Archived</a> from the original on July 7, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 17,</span> 2021</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Vil_du_være_med_på_noe_mot_Bandidos?-154"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Vil_du_være_med_på_noe_mot_Bandidos?_154-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vg.no/nyheter/innenriks/i/7EJpB/vil-du-vaere-med-paa-noe-mot-bandidos">Vil du være med på noe mot Bandidos?</a> <i><a href="Verdens_Gang" title="Verdens Gang">Verdens Gang</a></i> (February 25, 2003) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211025204109/https://www.vg.no/nyheter/innenriks/i/7EJpB/vil-du-vaere-med-paa-noe-mot-bandidos">Archived</a> October 25, 2021, at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Ekeberg_v._Norway-155"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ekeberg_v._Norway_155-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hudoc.echr.coe.int/fre#{%22itemid%22:%5B%22001-76781%22%5D}">Ekeberg v. Norway</a> <a href="European_Court_of_Human_Rights" title="European Court of Human Rights">European Court of Human Rights</a> (July 11, 2006) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240907185242/https://hudoc.echr.coe.int/fre#{%22itemid%22:">[%22001-76781%22</a>} Archived] September 7, 2024, at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Fest_hos_englene_på_Bergshøgda-156"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Fest_hos_englene_på_Bergshøgda_156-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ostlendingen.no/ringsaker-blad/fest-hos-englene-pa-bergshogda-1.8429507">Fest hos englene på Bergshøgda</a> Roy Solvang, <i><a href="%C3%98stlendingen" title="Østlendingen">Østlendingen</a></i> (May 16, 2014) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240907220500/https://www.ostlendingen.no/ringsaker-blad/fest-hos-englene-pa-bergshogda-1.8429507">Archived</a> September 7, 2024, at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span>

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<li id="cite_note-157"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160228172347/http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/manitoba/crown-argues-biker-gang-is-organized-crime-1.691418">"Crown argues biker gang is organized crime - Manitoba - CBC News"</a>. February 28, 2016. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/manitoba/crown-argues-biker-gang-is-organized-crime-1.691418">the original</a> on February 28, 2016.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-158"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFAppleby2004" class="citation news cs1">Appleby, Timothy (July 17, 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/national/part-ii/article1138211/?page=all">"Part II"</a>. <i>The Globe and Mail</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230828213707/https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/national/part-ii/article1138211/?page=all">Archived</a> from the original on August 28, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 17,</span> 2021</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-auto-159"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-auto_159-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/biker-gangs-in-canada-1.775978">"Biker gangs in Canada | CBC News"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211029093351/https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/biker-gangs-in-canada-1.775978">Archived</a> from the original on October 29, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 17,</span> 2021</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Betjente_talstærkt_til_stede_ved_rockerfest_i_Randers-160"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Betjente_talstærkt_til_stede_ved_rockerfest_i_Randers_160-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://amtsavisen.dk/randers/betjente-talstaerkt-til-stede-ved-rockerfest-i-randers">Betjente talstærkt til stede ved rockerfest i Randers</a> Jeppe Bjerre Trans and Axel Præstmark, <i>Randers Amtsavis</i> (November 5, 2022) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240907232215/https://amtsavisen.dk/randers/betjente-talstaerkt-til-stede-ved-rockerfest-i-randers">Archived</a> September 7, 2024, at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-161"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210823071229/https://lasd.org/pdfjs/web/mcj_HellsAngels_OMG.pdf">"Archived copy"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lasd.org/pdfjs/web/mcj_HellsAngels_OMG.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on August 23, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 17,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{cite web}}</code>: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)</span></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-162"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFAppleby2004" class="citation news cs1">Appleby, Timothy (October 25, 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/national/patchover-of-alberta-bandidos-gives-hells-angels-monopoly/article18275194/">"Patchover of Alberta Bandidos gives Hells Angels monopoly"</a>. <i>The Globe and Mail</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210817104206/https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/national/patchover-of-alberta-bandidos-gives-hells-angels-monopoly/article18275194/">Archived</a> from the original on August 17, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 17,</span> 2021</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-163"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cleveland19.com/story/29104730/neighbors-of-akrons-hells-angels-say-all-is-quiet">"No concerns after Hells Angels move in to Akron neighborhood"</a>. <i>www.cleveland19.com</i>. May 19, 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210630091055/https://www.cleveland19.com/story/29104730/neighbors-of-akrons-hells-angels-say-all-is-quiet/">Archived</a> from the original on June 30, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 17,</span> 2021</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-164"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cleveland.com/akron/2015/05/hells_angels_back_in_akron_the.html">"Hell's Angels back in Akron, the Rev. Melford Elliot dies in crash, Brittain Road closing Tuesday: Akron news roundup"</a>. <i>cleveland</i>. May 11, 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210630102147/https://www.cleveland.com/akron/2015/05/hells_angels_back_in_akron_the.html">Archived</a> from the original on June 30, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 17,</span> 2021</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-165"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20010913020913/https://www.fbi.gov/publications/safestreets/ssgu00.pdf">"FBI Safe Street Violent Crime Initiative Report Fiscal Year 2000"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fbi.gov/publications/safestreets/ssgu00.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on September 13, 2001<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 13,</span> 2010</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-166"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-166">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFIbrahim1997" class="citation news cs1">Ibrahim, Youssef M. (March 3, 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9C04E5D71F31F930A35750C0A961958260">"New York Times, Sweden's Courteous Police Spoil a Hell's Angels Clubouse Party"</a>. <i><a href="The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. Stockholm (Sweden); Sweden. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230828214126/https://www.nytimes.com/1997/03/03/world/sweden-s-courteous-police-spoil-a-hell-s-angels-clubhouse-party.html">Archived</a> from the original on August 28, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 13,</span> 2010</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-By_their_colours-167"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-By_their_colours_167-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.abc.net.au/news/2013-10-04/bikie-gangs-by-colours/4999510">By their colours: Outlaw motorcycle gang identification guide</a> <a href="Australian_Broadcasting_Corporation" title="Australian Broadcasting Corporation">Australian Broadcasting Corporation</a> (October 4, 2013) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131009131126/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2013-10-04/bikie-gangs-by-colours/4999510">Archived</a> October 9, 2013, at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Victoria_bikies-168"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Victoria_bikies_168-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.heraldsun.com.au/web-stories/free/herald-sun/victoria-bikies-all-you-need-to-know-about-big-six-outlaw-gangs?nk=6e80354eeaf70222c10170a128a3f59a-1686607108">Victoria bikies: all you need to know about Big Six outlaw gangs</a> Anthony Dowsley, <i><a href="Herald_Sun" title="Herald Sun">Herald Sun</a></i> (July 7, 2022) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230612221457/https://www.heraldsun.com.au/web-stories/free/herald-sun/victoria-bikies-all-you-need-to-know-about-big-six-outlaw-gangs?nk=6e80354eeaf70222c10170a128a3f59a-1686607108">Archived</a> June 12, 2023, at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-169"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-169">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation audio-visual cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lyTxdT4u60I"><i>How The Hells Angels Actually Works | How Crime Works | Insider</i></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240408203623/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lyTxdT4u60I">Archived</a> from the original on April 8, 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 12,</span> 2024</span> – via www.youtube.com.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-170"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-170">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100709114854/http://hpn.asu.edu/archives/2003-July/007451.html">"[Hpn] Hells Angels Mc Salvation Army Shelter Run"</a>. Hpn.asu.edu. July 6, 2003. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hpn.asu.edu/archives/2003-July/007451.html">the original</a> on July 9, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 9,</span> 2010</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-171"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-171">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lasvegassun.com/news/2008/sep/04/under-watchful-eye-bikers-aid-charity/">"Under watchful eye, bikers aid charity – Thursday, Sept. 4, 2008 | midnight"</a>. <i>Las Vegas Sun</i>. September 4, 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100823101338/http://www.lasvegassun.com/news/2008/sep/04/under-watchful-eye-bikers-aid-charity/">Archived</a> from the original on August 23, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 9,</span> 2010</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-172"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-172">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-48443602">"Hells Angels bikers banned by Netherlands court"</a>. BBC News. May 29, 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200918134044/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-48443602">Archived</a> from the original on September 18, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 30,</span> 2019</span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-173"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-173">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nltimes.nl/2019/05/29/netherlands-first-country-ban-hells-angels-violence-called-systemic-common">"Netherlands first country to ban the Hells Angels; Violence called "systemic", "common""</a>. <i>NL Times</i>. May 29, 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210218142728/https://nltimes.nl/2019/05/29/netherlands-first-country-ban-hells-angels-violence-called-systemic-common">Archived</a> from the original on February 18, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 30,</span> 2019</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-174"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-174">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-48443602">"Hells Angels bikers banned by Dutch court"</a>. BBC News. May 29, 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200918134044/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-48443602">Archived</a> from the original on September 18, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 30,</span> 2019</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-175"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-175">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/may/29/hells-angels-banned-by-dutch-court-in-strike-against-biker-gangs">"Hells Angels banned by Dutch court in biker gang crackdown"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. Agence France-Presse. May 29, 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190530131020/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/may/29/hells-angels-banned-by-dutch-court-in-strike-against-biker-gangs">Archived</a> from the original on May 30, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 30,</span> 2019</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-176"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-176">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-netherlands-hells-angels-idUSKCN1SZ18T">"Dutch court bans 'violent' Hells Angels motorcycle club"</a>. Reuters. May 29, 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201019234345/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-netherlands-hells-angels-idUSKCN1SZ18T">Archived</a> from the original on October 19, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 24,</span> 2020</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-177"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-177">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nltimes.nl/2022/07/15/supreme-court-confirms-ban-outlaw-motorcycle-club-hells-angels">"Supreme Court confirms ban of outlaw motorcycle club Hells Angels"</a>. NLTimes. July 15, 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230828214127/https://nltimes.nl/2022/07/15/supreme-court-confirms-ban-outlaw-motorcycle-club-hells-angels">Archived</a> from the original on August 28, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 15,</span> 2022</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

</ol></div></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2></div>

<ul><li><cite id="CITEREFHunter_S._Thompson1999" class="citation book cs1">Hunter S. Thompson (1999). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/hellsangels00hunt"><i>Hell's Angels: A Strange and Terrible Saga</i></a></span>. Modern Library. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-679-60331-3</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFYves_Lavigne2000" class="citation book cs1">Yves Lavigne (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MKAvHwNCD_IC&pg=PA1"><i>Hell's Angels: Taking Care of Business</i></a>. Random House of Canada, Limited. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-7704-2858-7</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFValerie_Smart2001" class="citation book cs1">Valerie Smart (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hrNrPqUy0TAC&pg=PA1"><i>The Original Hell's Angels: 303rd Bombardment Group of World War II</i></a>. Arcadia Publishing. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-7385-0910-5</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFCherry2006" class="citation book cs1">Cherry, Paul (2006). <i>The Biker Trials: Bringing Down the Hells Angels</i>. Toronto: ECW Press. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1550226386</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFSherMarsden2006" class="citation book cs1">Sher, Julian; Marsden, William (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uLYL2uhqrNkC&pg=PA1"><i>Angels of Death: Inside the Bikers' Empire of Crime</i></a>. Toronto: Alfred Knopf Canada. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9780307370327</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFBarker2007" class="citation book cs1">Barker, Thomas (2007). <i>Biker Gangs and Organized Crime</i>. London: Routledge. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0323298704</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFEdward_WinterhalderWil_De_Clercq2008" class="citation book cs1">Edward Winterhalder; Wil De Clercq (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=O3F9fD5RcRQC&pg=PA1"><i>The Assimilation: Rock Machine Become Bandidos: Bikers United Against the Hells Angels</i></a>. ECW Press. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1-55490-321-4</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFSonny_Barger2009" class="citation book cs1">Sonny Barger (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=O_6mgtjs-hUC&pg=PP1"><i>Hell's Angel: The Autobiography of Sonny Barger</i></a>. HarperCollins. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-06-184736-3</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFJerry_Langton2009" class="citation book cs1">Jerry Langton (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vG4bfGwXZNIC&pg=PT3"><i>Fallen Angel: The Unlikely Rise of Walter Stadnick and the Canadian Hells Angels</i></a>. John Wiley & Sons. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-470-73994-5</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFSherMarsden2010" class="citation book cs1">Sher, Julian; Marsden, William (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ToCy5cH253YC&pg=PP1"><i>The Road to Hell: How the Biker Gangs are Conquering Canada</i></a>. Knopf Canada. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-307-36586-6</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFYves_Lavigne2011" class="citation book cs1">Yves Lavigne (2011). <i>Hells Angels: Into the Abyss</i>. HarperCollins Publishers Limited. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1-4434-0411-2</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFYves_Lavigne2011" class="citation book cs1">Yves Lavigne (2011). <i>Hell's Angels at War</i>. HarperCollins Publishers Limited. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1-4434-0410-5</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFCarter_F._Smith2017" class="citation book cs1">Carter F. Smith (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=z0IyDwAAQBAJ&q=Gangs+and+the+Military%3A+Gangsters%2C+Bikers%2C+and+Terrorists+with+Military+Training"><i>Gangs and the Military: Gangsters, Bikers, and Terrorists with Military Training</i></a>. Rowman & Littlefield. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1442275171</bdi>.</cite></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

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<div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Hells_Angels" class="extiw external" title="commons:Category:Hells Angels"><span style="font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;">Hells Angels</span></a>.</div></div>

</div>

<ul><li><span class="official-website"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hells-angels.com/">Official website</a></span></span> – includes many chartered local charters, with links</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://vault.fbi.gov/The%20Hells%20Angels">FBI file on Hell's Angels</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120328045302/http://life.time.com/culture/never-seen-hells-angels-1965/">Never-Seen: Hells Angels, 1965</a> – slideshow by <i><a href="Life_(magazine)" title="Life (magazine)">Life</a></i> magazine</li></ul>

<p><br>

</p>

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</style><div id="Hells_Angels_Motorcycle_Club172" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFFFFF; color:#E00000; box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #FF0000, inset -2px -2px 0 #FF0000;;;width:1%">Members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Larry_Amero" title="Larry Amero">Larry Amero</a></li>

<li><a href="Necati_Arabaci" title="Necati Arabaci">Necati Arabaci</a></li>

<li><a href="David_Atwell" title="David Atwell">David Atwell</a></li>

<li><a href="Sonny_Barger" title="Sonny Barger">Sonny Barger</a></li>

<li><a href="Maurice_Boucher" title="Maurice Boucher">Maurice Boucher</a></li>

<li><a href="Phillip_Boudreault" title="Phillip Boudreault">Phillip Boudreault</a></li>

<li><a href="Willem_van_Boxtel" title="Willem van Boxtel">Willem van Boxtel</a></li>

<li><a href="Yves_Buteau" title="Yves Buteau">Yves Buteau</a></li>

<li><a href="Lorne_Edgar_Campbell" title="Lorne Edgar Campbell">Lorne Campbell</a></li>

<li><a href="David_Carroll_(biker)" title="David Carroll (biker)">David Carroll</a></li>

<li><a href="Salvatore_Cazzetta" title="Salvatore Cazzetta">Salvatore Cazzetta</a></li>

<li><a href="Patrick_Champoux" title="Patrick Champoux">Patrick Champoux</a></li>

<li><a href="George_Christie_(biker)" title="George Christie (biker)">George Christie</a></li>

<li><a href="Alan_Fisher_(biker)" title="Alan Fisher (biker)">Alan Fisher</a></li>

<li><a href="Steven_Gault" title="Steven Gault">Steven Gault</a></li>

<li><a href="Mark_Guardado" title="Mark Guardado">Mark Guardado</a></li>

<li><a href="Bernie_Guindon" title="Bernie Guindon">Bernie Guindon</a></li>

<li><a href="Harley_Davidson_Guindon" title="Harley Davidson Guindon">Harley Davidson Guindon</a></li>

<li><a href="Louis_Hagemann" title="Louis Hagemann">Louis Hagemann</a></li>

<li><a href="Normand_Hamel" title="Normand Hamel">Normand Hamel</a></li>

<li><a href="Frank_Hanebuth" title="Frank Hanebuth">Frank Hanebuth</a></li>

<li><a href="Peter_John_Hill" title="Peter John Hill">Peter John Hill</a></li>

<li><a href="Jan_Krogh_Jensen" title="Jan Krogh Jensen">Jan Krogh Jensen</a></li>

<li><a href="Sam_Klepper" title="Sam Klepper">Sam Klepper</a></li>

<li><a href="David_Labrava" title="David Labrava">David Labrava</a></li>

<li><a href="Michel_Langlois_(biker)" title="Michel Langlois (biker)">Michel Langlois</a></li>

<li><a href="R%C3%A9jean_Lessard" title="Réjean Lessard">Réjean Lessard</a></li>

<li><a href="Steven_Lindsay" title="Steven Lindsay">Steven Lindsay</a></li>

<li><a href="Gilles_Mathieu" title="Gilles Mathieu">Gilles Mathieu</a></li>

<li><a href="Thomas_M%C3%B6ller" title="Thomas Möller">Thomas Möller</a></li>

<li><a href="Bent_Svane_Nielsen" title="Bent Svane Nielsen">Bent Svane Nielsen</a></li>

<li><a href="J%C3%B8rn_Nielsen" title="Jørn Nielsen">Jørn Nielsen</a></li>

<li><a href="Michael_O'Farrell_(biker)" title="Michael O'Farrell (biker)">Michael O'Farrell</a></li>

<li><a href="Donny_Petersen" title="Donny Petersen">Donny Petersen</a></li>

<li><a href="Paul_Porter_(biker)" title="Paul Porter (biker)">Paul Porter</a></li>

<li><a href="Louis_Roy" title="Louis Roy">Louis Roy</a></li>

<li><a href="Martin_Schippert" title="Martin Schippert">Martin Schippert</a></li>

<li><a href="Walter_Stadnick" title="Walter Stadnick">Walter Stadnick</a></li>

<li><a href="Scott_Steinert" title="Scott Steinert">Scott Steinert</a></li>

<li><a href="Donald_Stockford" title="Donald Stockford">Donald Stockford</a></li>

<li><a href="Anthony_Tait" title="Anthony Tait">Anthony Tait</a></li>

<li><a href="Yves_Trudeau_(biker)" title="Yves Trudeau (biker)">Yves Trudeau</a></li>

<li><a href="Richard_Vall%C3%A9e" title="Richard Vallée">Richard Vallée</a></li>

<li><a href="Gerald_Ward_(biker)" title="Gerald Ward (biker)">Gerald Ward</a></li>

<li><a href="Paul_de_Vries_(criminal)" title="Paul de Vries (criminal)">Paul de Vries</a></li>

<li><a href="Chuck_Zito" title="Chuck Zito">Chuck Zito</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFFFFF; color:#E00000; box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #FF0000, inset -2px -2px 0 #FF0000;;;width:1%">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Altamont_Free_Concert" title="Altamont Free Concert">Altamont Free Concert</a>

<ul><li><a href="Killing_of_Meredith_Hunter" title="Killing of Meredith Hunter">Killing of Meredith Hunter</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Battersea_Arts_Centre_incident" title="Battersea Arts Centre incident">Battersea Arts Centre incident</a></li>

<li><a href="First_Biker_War" title="First Biker War">First Biker War</a></li>

<li><a href="Grondalski_family_murders" title="Grondalski family murders">Grondalski family murders</a></li>

<li><a href="Lennoxville_massacre" title="Lennoxville massacre">Lennoxville massacre</a></li>

<li><a href="2007_Melbourne_CBD_shootings" title="2007 Melbourne CBD shootings">Melbourne CBD shootings</a></li>

<li><a href="Murder_of_Cynthia_Garcia" title="Murder of Cynthia Garcia">Murder of Cynthia Garcia</a></li>

<li><a href="Nordic_Biker_War" title="Nordic Biker War">Nordic Biker War</a>

<ul><li><a href="1996_Copenhagen_Airport_shooting" title="1996 Copenhagen Airport shooting">Copenhagen Airport shooting</a></li>

<li><a href="1996_Copenhagen_rocket_attack" title="1996 Copenhagen rocket attack">Copenhagen rocket attack</a></li>

<li><a href="1997_Drammen_bombing" title="1997 Drammen bombing">Drammen bombing</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Ontario_Biker_War" title="Ontario Biker War">Ontario Biker War</a></li>

<li><a href="Operation_One_Percenter" title="Operation One Percenter">Operation One Percenter</a></li>

<li><a href="Quebec_Biker_War" title="Quebec Biker War">Quebec Biker War</a></li>

<li><a href="River_Run_riot" title="River Run riot">River Run riot</a></li>

<li><a href="2009_Vancouver_gang_war" title="2009 Vancouver gang war">Vancouver gang war</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFFFFF; color:#E00000; box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #FF0000, inset -2px -2px 0 #FF0000;;;width:1%">Support clubs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="List_of_Hells_Angels_support_clubs" title="List of Hells Angels support clubs">List of support clubs</a></li>

<li><a href="Gate_Keepers_Motorcycle_Club" title="Gate Keepers Motorcycle Club">Gate Keepers</a></li>

<li><a href="Red_Devils_Motorcycle_Club" title="Red Devils Motorcycle Club">Red Devils</a></li>

<li><a href="Rockers_Motor_Club" title="Rockers Motor Club">Rockers</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFFFFF; color:#E00000; box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #FF0000, inset -2px -2px 0 #FF0000;;;width:1%">Media</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><i><a href="Hell's_Angels_'69" title="Hell's Angels '69">Hell's Angels '69</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Hell's_Angels_(book)" title="Hell's Angels (book)">Hell's Angels: The Strange and Terrible Saga of the Outlaw Motorcycle Gangs</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Hells_Angels_on_Wheels" title="Hells Angels on Wheels">Hells Angels on Wheels</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Nam_Angels" title="Nam Angels">Nam Angels</a></i></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFFFFF; color:#E00000; box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #FF0000, inset -2px -2px 0 #FF0000;;;width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Bulldog_Bash" title="Bulldog Bash">Bulldog Bash</a></li>

<li><a href="Hells_Angels_MC_criminal_allegations_and_incidents" title="Hells Angels MC criminal allegations and incidents">Criminal allegations and incidents</a>

<ul><li><a href="Hells_Angels_MC_criminal_allegations_and_incidents_in_Australia" title="Hells Angels MC criminal allegations and incidents in Australia">in Australia</a></li>

<li><a href="Hells_Angels_MC_criminal_allegations_and_incidents_in_Canada" title="Hells Angels MC criminal allegations and incidents in Canada">in Canada</a>

<ul><li><a href="Hells_Angels_MC_criminal_allegations_and_incidents_in_British_Columbia" title="Hells Angels MC criminal allegations and incidents in British Columbia">in British Columbia</a></li>

<li><a href="Hells_Angels_MC_criminal_allegations_and_incidents_in_Manitoba" title="Hells Angels MC criminal allegations and incidents in Manitoba">in Manitoba</a></li>

<li><a href="Hells_Angels_MC_criminal_allegations_and_incidents_in_Nova_Scotia" title="Hells Angels MC criminal allegations and incidents in Nova Scotia">in Nova Scotia</a></li>

<li><a href="Hells_Angels_MC_criminal_allegations_and_incidents_in_Ontario" title="Hells Angels MC criminal allegations and incidents in Ontario">in Ontario</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Hells_Angels_MC_criminal_allegations_and_incidents_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Hells Angels MC criminal allegations and incidents in the United Kingdom">in the United Kingdom</a></li>

<li><a href="Hells_Angels_MC_criminal_allegations_and_incidents_in_the_United_States" title="Hells Angels MC criminal allegations and incidents in the United States">in the United States</a>

<ul><li><a href="Hells_Angels_MC_criminal_allegations_and_incidents_in_California" title="Hells Angels MC criminal allegations and incidents in California">in California</a></li>

<li><a href="Hells_Angels_MC_criminal_allegations_and_incidents_in_Massachusetts" title="Hells Angels MC criminal allegations and incidents in Massachusetts">in Massachusetts</a></li>

<li><a href="Jay_Dobyns" title="Jay Dobyns">Jay Dobyns</a></li>

<li><a href="Evergreen_Cemetery_(Oakland%2C_California)" title="Evergreen Cemetery (Oakland, California)">Evergreen Cemetery</a></li>

<li><a href="St%C3%A9phane_Gagn%C3%A9" title="Stéphane Gagné">Stéphane Gagné</a></li>

<li><a href="Michael_Plante" title="Michael Plante">Michael Plante</a></li>

<li><a href="Serge_Quesnel" title="Serge Quesnel">Serge Quesnel</a></li>

<li><a href="Aim%C3%A9_Simard" title="Aimé Simard">Aimé Simard</a></li>

<li><a href="Gr%C3%A9gory_Woolley" title="Grégory Woolley">Grégory Woolley</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Outlaw_motorcycle_clubs104" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Outlaw_motorcycle_clubs104" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Outlaw_motorcycle_club" title="Outlaw motorcycle club">Outlaw motorcycle clubs</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="List_of_outlaw_motorcycle_clubs" title="List of outlaw motorcycle clubs">Clubs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Annihilators_Motorcycle_Club" title="Annihilators Motorcycle Club">Annihilators</a></li>

<li><a href="Bacchus_Motorcycle_Club" title="Bacchus Motorcycle Club">Bacchus</a></li>

<li><a href="Bandidos_Motorcycle_Club" title="Bandidos Motorcycle Club">Bandidos</a></li>

<li><a href="Black_Diamond_Riders_Motorcycle_Club" title="Black Diamond Riders Motorcycle Club">Black Diamond Riders</a></li>

<li><a href="Black_Pistons_Motorcycle_Club" title="Black Pistons Motorcycle Club">Black Pistons</a></li>

<li><a href="Black_Uhlans_Motorcycle_Club" title="Black Uhlans Motorcycle Club">Black Uhlans</a></li>

<li><a href="Blue_Angels_Motorcycle_Club" title="Blue Angels Motorcycle Club">Blue Angels</a></li>

<li><a href="Breed_Motorcycle_Club" title="Breed Motorcycle Club">Breed</a></li>

<li><a href="Brother_Speed_Motorcycle_Club" title="Brother Speed Motorcycle Club">Brother Speed</a></li>

<li><a href="Bullshit_Motorcycle_Club" title="Bullshit Motorcycle Club">Bullshit</a></li>

<li><a href="Cannonball_Motorcycle_Club" title="Cannonball Motorcycle Club">Cannonball</a></li>

<li><a href="Chicanos_Motorcycle_Club" title="Chicanos Motorcycle Club">Chicanos</a></li>

<li><a href="Chosen_Few_Motorcycle_Club" title="Chosen Few Motorcycle Club">Chosen Few</a></li>

<li><a href="Club_Deroes_Motorcycle_Club" title="Club Deroes Motorcycle Club">Club Deroes</a></li>

<li><a href="Coffin_Cheaters" title="Coffin Cheaters">Coffin Cheaters</a></li>

<li><a href="Comanchero_Motorcycle_Club" title="Comanchero Motorcycle Club">Comanchero</a></li>

<li><a href="Cossacks_Motorcycle_Club" title="Cossacks Motorcycle Club">Cossacks</a></li>

<li><a href="Devils_Diciples_Motorcycle_Club" title="Devils Diciples Motorcycle Club">Devils Diciples</a></li>

<li><a href="Devil's_Disciples_Motorcycle_Club_(Canada)" title="Devil's Disciples Motorcycle Club (Canada)">Devil's Disciples (Canada)</a></li>

<li><a href="Diablos_Motorcycle_Club" title="Diablos Motorcycle Club">Diablos</a></li>

<li><a href="Diablos_Motorcycle_Club_(founded_1999)" title="Diablos Motorcycle Club (founded 1999)">Diablos (1999)</a></li>

<li><a href="Dirty_Dozen_Motorcycle_Club" title="Dirty Dozen Motorcycle Club">Dirty Dozen</a></li>

<li><a href="East_Bay_Dragons" title="East Bay Dragons">East Bay Dragons</a></li>

<li><a href="El_Forastero_Motorcycle_Club" title="El Forastero Motorcycle Club">El Forastero</a></li>

<li><a href="Finks_Motorcycle_Club" title="Finks Motorcycle Club">Finks</a></li>

<li><a href="Free_Souls_Motorcycle_Club" title="Free Souls Motorcycle Club">Free Souls</a></li>

<li><a href="Galloping_Goose_Motorcycle_Club" title="Galloping Goose Motorcycle Club">Galloping Goose</a></li>

<li><a href="Gate_Keepers_Motorcycle_Club" title="Gate Keepers Motorcycle Club">Gate Keepers</a></li>

<li><a href="Gitans_Moto_Club" title="Gitans Moto Club">Gitans</a></li>

<li><a href="Gremium_Motorcycle_Club" title="Gremium Motorcycle Club">Gremium</a></li>

<li><a href="Grim_Reapers_Motorcycle_Club_(Canada)" title="Grim Reapers Motorcycle Club (Canada)">Grim Reapers (Canada)</a></li>

<li><a href="Grim_Reapers_Motorcycle_Club_(USA)" title="Grim Reapers Motorcycle Club (USA)">Grim Reapers (USA)</a></li>

<li><a href="Gypsy_Joker_Motorcycle_Club" title="Gypsy Joker Motorcycle Club">Gypsy Jokers</a></li>

<li><a href="Head_Hunters_Motorcycle_Club" title="Head Hunters Motorcycle Club">Head Hunters</a></li>

<li><a href="Hell's_Lovers_Motorcycle_Club" title="Hell's Lovers Motorcycle Club">Hell's Lovers</a></li>

<li><a href="Hessians_Motorcycle_Club" title="Hessians Motorcycle Club">Hessians</a></li>

<li><a href="Highway_61_Motorcycle_Club" title="Highway 61 Motorcycle Club">Highway 61</a></li>

<li><a href="Highwaymen_Motorcycle_Club" title="Highwaymen Motorcycle Club">Highwaymen</a></li>

<li><a href="Iron_Horsemen_Motorcycle_Club" title="Iron Horsemen Motorcycle Club">Iron Horsemen</a></li>

<li><a href="Kinfolk_Motorcycle_Club" title="Kinfolk Motorcycle Club">Kinfolk</a></li>

<li><a href="Kings_Crew_Motorcycle_Club" title="Kings Crew Motorcycle Club">Kings Crew</a></li>

<li><a href="Lone_Legion_Brotherhood" title="Lone Legion Brotherhood">Lone Legion Brotherhood</a></li>

<li><a href="Loners_Motorcycle_Club" title="Loners Motorcycle Club">Loners</a></li>

<li><a href="Lost_Breed_Motorcycle_Club" title="Lost Breed Motorcycle Club">Lost Breed</a></li>

<li><a href="Market_Street_Commandos" title="Market Street Commandos">Market Street Commandos</a></li>

<li><a href="Mobshitters" title="Mobshitters">Mobshitters</a></li>

<li><a href="Mongols_Motorcycle_Club" title="Mongols Motorcycle Club">Mongols</a></li>

<li><a href="Night_Wolves" title="Night Wolves">Night Wolves</a></li>

<li><a href="No_Surrender_Motorcycle_Club" title="No Surrender Motorcycle Club">No Surrender</a></li>

<li><a href="Nomads_Motorcycle_Club_(Australia)" title="Nomads Motorcycle Club (Australia)">Nomads</a></li>

<li><a href="Notorious_Motorcycle_Club_(Australia)" title="Notorious Motorcycle Club (Australia)">Notorious (Australia)</a></li>

<li><a href="Notorious_Motorcycle_Club_(Germany)" title="Notorious Motorcycle Club (Germany)">Notorious (Germany)</a></li>

<li><a href="Original_Red_Devils_Motorcycle_Club" title="Original Red Devils Motorcycle Club">Original Red Devils</a></li>

<li><a href="Outlaws_Motorcycle_Club" title="Outlaws Motorcycle Club">Outlaws</a></li>

<li><a href="Pagan's_Motorcycle_Club" title="Pagan's Motorcycle Club">Pagans</a></li>

<li><a href="Pissed_Off_Bastards_of_Bloomington" title="Pissed Off Bastards of Bloomington">Pissed off Bastards</a></li>

<li><a href="Popeye_Moto_Club" title="Popeye Moto Club">Popeyes</a></li>

<li><a href="Rebels_Motorcycle_Club" title="Rebels Motorcycle Club">Rebels</a></li>

<li><a href="Rebels_Motorcycle_Club_(Canada)" title="Rebels Motorcycle Club (Canada)">Rebels (Canada)</a></li>

<li><a href="Red_Devils_Motorcycle_Club" title="Red Devils Motorcycle Club">Red Devils</a></li>

<li><a href="Road_Knights_Motorcycle_Club" title="Road Knights Motorcycle Club">Road Knights</a></li>

<li><a href="Road_Runners_Motorcycle_Club" title="Road Runners Motorcycle Club">Road Runners</a></li>

<li><a href="Rock_Machine_Motorcycle_Club" title="Rock Machine Motorcycle Club">Rock Machine</a></li>

<li><a href="Rockers_Motor_Club" title="Rockers Motor Club">Rockers</a></li>

<li><a href="Sadistic_Souls_Motorcycle_Club" title="Sadistic Souls Motorcycle Club">Sadistic Souls</a></li>

<li><a href="Satan's_Choice_Motorcycle_Club" title="Satan's Choice Motorcycle Club">Satan's Choice</a></li>

<li><a href="Satans_Slaves_Motorcycle_Club" title="Satans Slaves Motorcycle Club">Satans Slaves</a></li>

<li><a href="Satudarah" title="Satudarah">Satudarah</a></li>

<li><a href="Sin_City_Deciples_Motorcycle_Club" title="Sin City Deciples Motorcycle Club">Sin City Deciples</a></li>

<li><a href="Solo_Angeles" title="Solo Angeles">Solo Angeles</a></li>

<li><a href="Sons_of_Satan_Motorcycle_Club" title="Sons of Satan Motorcycle Club">Sons of Satan</a></li>

<li><a href="Sons_of_Silence" title="Sons of Silence">Sons of Silence</a></li>

<li><a href="Straight_Satans_Motorcycle_Club" title="Straight Satans Motorcycle Club">Straight Satans</a></li>

<li><a href="Tribesmen_Motorcycle_Club" title="Tribesmen Motorcycle Club">Tribesmen</a></li>

<li><a href="Trust_Motorcycle_Club" title="Trust Motorcycle Club">Trust</a></li>

<li><a href="Vagos_Motorcycle_Club" title="Vagos Motorcycle Club">Vagos</a></li>

<li><a href="Vendettas_Motorcycle_Club" title="Vendettas Motorcycle Club">Vendettas</a></li>

<li><a href="Warlocks_Motorcycle_Club_(Florida)" title="Warlocks Motorcycle Club (Florida)">Warlocks (Florida)</a></li>

<li><a href="Warlocks_Motorcycle_Club_(Pennsylvania)" title="Warlocks Motorcycle Club (Pennsylvania)">Warlocks (Pennsylvania/Delaware Valley)</a></li>

<li><a href="Wheels_of_Soul_Motorcycle_Club" title="Wheels of Soul Motorcycle Club">Wheels of Soul</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Larry_Amero" title="Larry Amero">Larry Amero</a></li>

<li><a href="Necati_Arabaci" title="Necati Arabaci">Necati Arabaci</a></li>

<li><a href="Marcello_Aravena" title="Marcello Aravena">Marcello Aravena</a></li>

<li><a href="David_Atwell" title="David Atwell">David Atwell</a></li>

<li><a href="Sonny_Barger" title="Sonny Barger">Sonny Barger</a></li>

<li><a href="Harry_Paul_Barnes" title="Harry Paul Barnes">Harry Paul Barnes</a></li>

<li><a href="Brian_Beaucage" title="Brian Beaucage">Brian Beaucage</a></li>

<li><a href="Howard_Doyle_Berry" title="Howard Doyle Berry">Howard Doyle Berry</a></li>

<li><a href="Merv_Blaker" title="Merv Blaker">Merv Blaker</a></li>

<li><a href="Maurice_Boucher" title="Maurice Boucher">Maurice Boucher</a></li>

<li><a href="Phillip_Boudreault" title="Phillip Boudreault">Phillip Boudreault</a></li>

<li><a href="Harry_Bowman" title="Harry Bowman">Harry Bowman</a></li>

<li><a href="Willem_van_Boxtel" title="Willem van Boxtel">Willem van Boxtel</a></li>

<li><a href="Mark_Buddle" title="Mark Buddle">Mark Buddle</a></li>

<li><a href="Yves_Buteau" title="Yves Buteau">Yves Buteau</a></li>

<li><a href="Colin_%22Caesar%22_Campbell" title="Colin "Caesar" Campbell">Colin "Caesar" Campbell</a></li>

<li><a href="Lorne_Edgar_Campbell" title="Lorne Edgar Campbell">Lorne Campbell</a></li>

<li><a href="David_Carroll_(biker)" title="David Carroll (biker)">David Carroll</a></li>

<li><a href="Ruben_Cavazos" title="Ruben Cavazos">Ruben Cavazos</a></li>

<li><a href="Giovanni_Cazzetta" title="Giovanni Cazzetta">Giovanni Cazzetta</a></li>

<li><a href="Salvatore_Cazzetta" title="Salvatore Cazzetta">Salvatore Cazzetta</a></li>

<li><a href="Donald_Eugene_Chambers" title="Donald Eugene Chambers">Donald Chambers</a></li>

<li><a href="Patrick_Champoux" title="Patrick Champoux">Patrick Champoux</a></li>

<li><a href="George_Christie_(biker)" title="George Christie (biker)">George Christie</a></li>

<li><a href="Gary_Comeau" title="Gary Comeau">Gary Comeau</a></li>

<li><a href="Ion_Croitoru" title="Ion Croitoru">Ion Croitoru</a></li>

<li><a href="Michel_Dub%C3%A9" title="Michel Dubé">Michel Dubé</a></li>

<li><a href="Rudi_Heinz_Elten" title="Rudi Heinz Elten">Rudi Heinz Elten</a></li>

<li><a href="Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Faucher" title="Frédéric Faucher">Frédéric Faucher</a></li>

<li><a href="Alan_Fisher_(biker)" title="Alan Fisher (biker)">Alan Fisher</a></li>

<li><a href="Jamie_Flanz" title="Jamie Flanz">Jamie Flanz</a></li>

<li><a href="St%C3%A9phane_Gagn%C3%A9" title="Stéphane Gagné">Stéphane Gagné</a></li>

<li><a href="Brett_Gardiner" title="Brett Gardiner">Brett Gardiner</a></li>

<li><a href="Steven_Gault" title="Steven Gault">Steven Gault</a></li>

<li><a href="Mark_Guardado" title="Mark Guardado">Mark Guardado</a></li>

<li><a href="Bernie_Guindon" title="Bernie Guindon">Bernie Guindon</a></li>

<li><a href="Harley_Davidson_Guindon" title="Harley Davidson Guindon">Harley Davidson Guindon</a></li>

<li><a href="Louis_Hagemann" title="Louis Hagemann">Louis Hagemann</a></li>

<li><a href="Normand_Hamel" title="Normand Hamel">Normand Hamel</a></li>

<li><a href="Frank_Hanebuth" title="Frank Hanebuth">Frank Hanebuth</a></li>

<li><a href="Claus_Bork_Hansen" title="Claus Bork Hansen">Claus Bork Hansen</a></li>

<li><a href="Lars_Harnes" title="Lars Harnes">Lars Harnes</a></li>

<li><a href="Peter_John_Hill" title="Peter John Hill">Peter John Hill</a></li>

<li><a href="Marko_Hirsma" title="Marko Hirsma">Marko Hirsma</a></li>

<li><a href="David_George_Hoffman" title="David George Hoffman">David George Hoffman</a></li>

<li><a href="Larry_Hurren" title="Larry Hurren">Larry Hurren</a></li>

<li><a href="Jan_Krogh_Jensen" title="Jan Krogh Jensen">Jan Krogh Jensen</a></li>

<li><a href="George_Jessome" title="George Jessome">George Jessome</a></li>

<li><a href="Renaud_Jomphe" title="Renaud Jomphe">Renaud Jomphe</a></li>

<li><a href="Wayne_Kellestine" title="Wayne Kellestine">Wayne Kellestine</a></li>

<li><a href="Cecil_Kirby" title="Cecil Kirby">Cecil Kirby</a></li>

<li><a href="Sam_Klepper" title="Sam Klepper">Sam Klepper</a></li>

<li><a href="George_Kriarakis" title="George Kriarakis">George Kriarakis</a></li>

<li><a href="Michel_Langlois_(biker)" title="Michel Langlois (biker)">Michel Langlois</a></li>

<li><a href="Mickey_Borgfjord_Larsen" title="Mickey Borgfjord Larsen">Mickey Borgfjord Larsen</a></li>

<li><a href="Frank_Lenti" title="Frank Lenti">Frank Lenti</a></li>

<li><a href="R%C3%A9jean_Lessard" title="Réjean Lessard">Réjean Lessard</a></li>

<li><a href="Steven_Lindsay" title="Steven Lindsay">Steven Lindsay</a></li>

<li><a href="Michael_Ljunggren" title="Michael Ljunggren">Michael Ljunggren</a></li>

<li><a href="David_Mann_(artist)" title="David Mann (artist)">David Mann</a></li>

<li><a href="Frank_Mather_(biker)" title="Frank Mather (biker)">Frank Mather</a></li>

<li><a href="Gilles_Mathieu" title="Gilles Mathieu">Gilles Mathieu</a></li>

<li><a href="Philip_McElwaine" title="Philip McElwaine">Philip McElwaine</a></li>

<li><a href="Garnet_McEwen" title="Garnet McEwen">Garnet McEwen</a></li>

<li><a href="Jeff_McLeod" title="Jeff McLeod">Jeff McLeod</a></li>

<li><a href="Allan_Meehan" title="Allan Meehan">Allan Meehan</a></li>

<li><a href="Thomas_M%C3%B6ller" title="Thomas Möller">Thomas Möller</a></li>

<li><a href="Mick_Murray_(leader)" title="Mick Murray (leader)">Mich Murray</a></li>

<li><a href="Giovanni_Muscedere" title="Giovanni Muscedere">Giovanni Muscedere</a></li>

<li><a href="Dwight_Mushey" title="Dwight Mushey">Dwight Mushey</a></li>

<li><a href="Duax_Ngakuru" title="Duax Ngakuru">Duax Ngakuru</a></li>

<li><a href="Bent_Svane_Nielsen" title="Bent Svane Nielsen">Bent Svane Nielsen</a></li>

<li><a href="J%C3%B8rn_Nielsen" title="Jørn Nielsen">Jørn Nielsen</a></li>

<li><a href="Jim_Nolan_(biker)" title="Jim Nolan (biker)">Jim Nolan</a></li>

<li><a href="Michael_O'Farrell_(biker)" title="Michael O'Farrell (biker)">Michael O'Farrell</a></li>

<li><a href="Mario_Parente" title="Mario Parente">Mario Parente</a></li>

<li><a href="Anthony_Perish" title="Anthony Perish">Anthony Perish</a></li>

<li><a href="Donny_Petersen" title="Donny Petersen">Donny Petersen</a></li>

<li><a href="Michael_Plante" title="Michael Plante">Michael Plante</a></li>

<li><a href="Johnny_Plescio" title="Johnny Plescio">Johnny Plescio</a></li>

<li><a href="Paul_Porter_(biker)" title="Paul Porter (biker)">Paul Porter</a></li>

<li><a href="Louis_Roy" title="Louis Roy">Louis Roy</a></li>

<li><a href="Michael_Sandham" title="Michael Sandham">Michael Sandham</a></li>

<li><a href="Armand_Sanguigni" title="Armand Sanguigni">Armand Sanguigni</a></li>

<li><a href="Richard_Sauv%C3%A9" title="Richard Sauvé">Richard Sauvé</a></li>

<li><a href="Martin_Schippert" title="Martin Schippert">Martin Schippert</a></li>

<li><a href="Robert_Simon_(biker)" title="Robert Simon (biker)">Robert Simon</a></li>

<li><a href="Anthony_Mark_Spencer" title="Anthony Mark Spencer">Anthony Spencer</a></li>

<li><a href="Walter_Stadnick" title="Walter Stadnick">Walter Stadnick</a></li>

<li><a href="Scott_Steinert" title="Scott Steinert">Scott Steinert</a></li>

<li><a href="Donald_Stockford" title="Donald Stockford">Donald Stockford</a></li>

<li><a href="Anthony_Tait" title="Anthony Tait">Anthony Tait</a></li>

<li><a href="Jim_Tinndahn" title="Jim Tinndahn">Jim Tinndahn</a></li>

<li><a href="Yves_Trudeau_(biker)" title="Yves Trudeau (biker)">Yves Trudeau</a></li>

<li><a href="Richard_Vall%C3%A9e" title="Richard Vallée">Richard Vallée</a></li>

<li><a href="Alex_Vella" title="Alex Vella">Alex Vella</a></li>

<li><a href="Claude_V%C3%A9zina" title="Claude Vézina">Claude Vézina</a></li>

<li><a href="Gerald_Ward_(biker)" title="Gerald Ward (biker)">Gerald Ward</a></li>

<li><a href="Edward_Winterhalder" title="Edward Winterhalder">Edward Winterhalder</a></li>

<li><a href="Gr%C3%A9gory_Woolley" title="Grégory Woolley">Grégory Woolley</a></li>

<li><a href="Gordon_van_Haarlem" title="Gordon van Haarlem">Gordon van Haarlem</a></li>

<li><a href="Paul_de_Vries_(criminal)" title="Paul de Vries (criminal)">Paul de Vries</a></li>

<li><a href="Tarek_Zahed" title="Tarek Zahed">Tarek Zahed</a></li>

<li><a href="Chuck_Zito" title="Chuck Zito">Chuck Zito</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Altamont_Free_Concert" title="Altamont Free Concert">Altamont Free Concert</a></li>

<li><a href="Battersea_Arts_Centre_incident" title="Battersea Arts Centre incident">Battersea Arts Centre incident</a></li>

<li><a href="First_Biker_War" title="First Biker War">First Biker War</a></li>

<li><a href="First_Montreal_biker_war" title="First Montreal biker war">First Montreal biker war</a></li>

<li><a href="Hancock_case" title="Hancock case">Hancock case</a></li>

<li><a href="Hollister_riot" title="Hollister riot">Hollister riot</a></li>

<li><a href="Grondalski_family_murders" title="Grondalski family murders">Grondalski family murders</a></li>

<li><a href="Lennoxville_massacre" title="Lennoxville massacre">Lennoxville massacre</a></li>

<li><a href="Milperra_massacre" title="Milperra massacre">Milperra massacre</a></li>

<li><a href="Murder_of_Cynthia_Garcia" title="Murder of Cynthia Garcia">Murder of Cynthia Garcia</a></li>

<li><a href="National_Western_Complex_shootout" title="National Western Complex shootout">National Western Complex shootout</a></li>